Bibliography of the beam physics section at ESS

The European Spallation Source (ESS) infrastructure is being constructed in Lund‚ and will be one of the most powerful research facilities of its type in the world. The ESS linear accelerator (linac) utilizes different accelerating sections where a wide variety of techniques should be employed to accelerate a beam of protons to 2 GeV kinetic energy through Radio Frequency (RF) cavities before being collided with a tungsten target for the final production of neutrons‚ through the process of spallation. This master’s thesis is a continuation on another master’s thesis project‚ (Lundquist‚ 2022)‚ in which the focus was more on particle accelerator physics and to introduce some ML models using single-shot measurement scenario‚ which all failed to meet the requirements. This thesis‚ however‚ is focused on developing more ANN- models for both single-shot and multi-shot measurement scenarios‚ which succeed in meeting the requirements. Another focus of the project is to make the models small and feasible to be deployed in the ESS control system. The data is the simulated response of the Beam Position Monitor (BPM) sensors for the first Drift Tube Linas (DTL) tank‚ DTL1‚ at EES. DTL tanks are of great importance due to their influence on the overall performance. This will give the ESS physicists a powerful tool to direct the proton beam within the whole set of the DTL tanks properly‚ leading to a better control and thus‚ fewer beam losses once they start with the power ramp-up of the linac. The deployment of ML-based models in the ESS control system will be a step towards more automated and intelligent particle accelerators in this infrastructure and in similar future facilities.

doi

@mastersthesis{hosseini_nejad_developing_2023, title = {Developing an {ML}-based model for {RF} tuning of the {DTL} machine at {ESS}}, copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess}, url = {http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9141984}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, author = {Hosseini Nejad, Amin}, year = {2023}, }

Miyamoto, R. (2023). Status and plan of the European Spallation Source proton linac beam commissioning. IPAC’23, Italy. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2023-WEOGB1

IPAC'23

The European Spallation Source is a spallation neutron source driven by a superconducting proton linac and currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden. The proton linac of a 5 MW design power‚ with a 62.5 mA peak current‚ 2.86 ms pulse length‚ and 14 Hz repetition rate‚ is undergoing staged beam commissioning towards the initial user operation planned in 2026 at a reduced power of 2 MW. In 2022‚ beam was accelerated up to 21 MeV with the first tank of a drift-tube linac (DTL)‚ consisting of five tanks. Following the commissioning step this year (2023) up to the fourth DTL tank and 74 MeV‚ low power beam commissioning through superconducting structures is planned for the next year (2024)‚ up to 570 MeV and against a beam dump. The last beam commissioning step prior to the initial user operation‚ when the beam is sent to the spallation target‚ is planned for 2026. This paper provides a summary of the past beam commissioning activities and presents the current strategy for the upcoming beam commissioning steps‚ including machine configuration at each step.

doi

@inproceedings{miyamoto2023status, address = {Italy}, title = {Status and plan of the {European} {Spallation} {Source} proton linac beam commissioning}, copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}, url = {https://indico.jacow.org/event/41/contributions/776}, doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2023-WEOGB1}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-10-08}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Accelerator Physics, mc4-a08-linear-accelerators - MC4.A08: Linear Accelerators, mc4-hadron-accelerators - MC4: Hadron Accelerators}, }

Miyamoto, R., Eshraqi, M., Levinsen, Y., Milas, N., & Noll, D. (2023). ESS Linac Overall Status and Normal-Conducting Linac Commissioning. Physical Sciences Forum, 8(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2023008036

Physical Sciences Forum

The European Spallation Source (ESS)‚ currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ will be the brightest spallation neutron source in the world‚ when its driving superconducting proton linac achieves the design power of 5 MW at 2 GeV. Such a high-power linac requires production‚ efficient acceleration‚ and almost no-loss transport of a high-current beam (62.5 mA)‚ thus making its design and beam commissioning challenging. Beam commissioning for the normal-conducting part of the linac is ongoing in stages. In 2022‚ the beam was accelerated up to the first tank of the five-tank drift-tube linac. This presentation provides a summary of the ESS linac project and presents highlights from ongoing beam commissioning.

doi

@article{miyamoto2023ess, title = {{ESS} {Linac} {Overall} {Status} and {Normal}-{Conducting} {Linac} {Commissioning}}, volume = {8}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2673-9984}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9984/8/1/36}, doi = {10.3390/psf2023008036}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2023-08-11}, journal = {Physical Sciences Forum}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Eshraqi, Mamad and Levinsen, Yngve and Milas, Natalia and Noll, Daniel}, year = {2023}, keywords = {DTL, ESS, RFQ, commissioning}, pages = {36}, }

Fackelman, E. D. (2023). Performance of the ESS Target Imaging System under Nominal and Errant Scenarios [Master]. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/102692

Accepted: 2023-07-10T22:00:07Z

The characteristics of the European Spallation Source proton beam as it approaches the Target are critical to the facility operating at design specifications: producing the brightest neutron source in the world. The European Spallation Source will have one of the highest yet-achieved average power proton beams of 5 million Watts‚ requiring precise tolerances‚ efficient cooling‚ and shielding for everything around the Target due to high radiation levels. The Target Imaging System takes a picture of the beam using light from a luminescent coating on the Target‚ excited by the protons. This luminescence is a direct measurement of the beam profile. The image processing confirms whether the accelerator and beam shaping devices have produced the correct result. This work estimates the shape of the proton beam at the Target by numerical simulation of the beam as it passes through different parts of the accelerator and uses it for input to the beam profile processing. A scheme for quantifying different parameters of the Target Imaging System beam intensity image is developed and used to define the measurements of a nominal beam. Various simulated beams resulting from hypothetical accelerator malfunction are compared with the expected beam profile to verify that the Target Imaging System can distinguish between errant and nominal beams.

doi

@mastersthesis{fackelman2023performance, title = {Performance of the {ESS} {Target} {Imaging} {System} under {Nominal} and {Errant} {Scenarios}}, url = {https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/102692}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2023-08-09}, author = {Fackelman, Eric Daniel}, year = {2023}, note = {Accepted: 2023-07-10T22:00:07Z}, }

2022

Milas, N., Akhyani, M., Baron, R., Derrez, C., Eshraqi, M., Levinsen, Y., Miyamoto, R., Noll, D., Tarkeshian, R., Vojskovic, I., & Zeng, R. (2022). Beam Tuning Studies in the ESS MEBT. 6–10. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2022-MO2C2

ISSN: 2673-5350

11th International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC'22), Kraków, Poland, 11-15 September 2022

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{milas2022beam, title = {Beam {Tuning} {Studies} in the {ESS} {MEBT}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-241-7}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/ibic2022/doi/JACoW-IBIC2022-MO2C2.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2022-MO2C2}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-04-20}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Milas, Natalia and Akhyani, Mina and Baron, Rafael and Derrez, Clement and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Levinsen, Yngve and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Noll, Daniel and Tarkeshian, Roxana and Vojskovic, Isabella and Zeng, Rihua}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5350}, pages = {6--10}, }

Levinsen, Y., Akhyani, M., Baron, R., Bustinduy, I., Donegani, E., Eshraqi, M., Garcia Sosa, A., Grespan, F., Hassanzadegan, H., Jones, B., Milas, N., Miyamoto, R., Noll, D., Vojskovic, I., & Zeng, R. (2022). First RF Phase Scans at the European Spallation Source. 313–317. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2022-TUP35

ISSN: 2673-5350

11th International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC'22), Kraków, Poland, 11-15 September 2022

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{levinsen2022first, title = {First {RF} {Phase} {Scans} at the {European} {Spallation} {Source}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-241-7}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/ibic2022/doi/JACoW-IBIC2022-TUP35.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2022-TUP35}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-04-20}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Levinsen, Yngve and Akhyani, Mina and Baron, Rafael and Bustinduy, Ibon and Donegani, Elena and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Garcia Sosa, Alejandro and Grespan, Francesco and Hassanzadegan, Hooman and Jones, Bryan and Milas, Natalia and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Noll, Daniel and Vojskovic, Isabella and Zeng, Rihua}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5350}, pages = {313--317}, }

Plostinar, C., Amstutz, C., Antoniazzi, L., Armanet, S., Baltador, C., Baron, R., Bellan, L., Bencivenga, T., Bergman, E., Bhattacharyya, A., Bolling, B., Borg, W., Bustinduy, I., Calic, S., Carroll, M., Cereijo García, J., Chauveau, A.-C., Christensson, J., Christie, J., … Öst, N. (2022). Status of the Normal Conducting Linac at the European Spallation Source. 2019–2022. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK001

tex.ids= PlostinarC22:StatusNormalConductinga ISSN: 2673-5490

13th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC'22)

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{plostinar2022status, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, title = {Status of the {Normal} {Conducting} {Linac} at the {European} {Spallation} {Source}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-227-1}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/ipac2022/doi/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK001.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK001}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-09-04}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Plostinar, Ciprian and Amstutz, Christian and Antoniazzi, Loris and Armanet, Stephane and Baltador, Carlo and Baron, Rafael and Bellan, Luca and Bencivenga, Tina and Bergman, Edvard and Bhattacharyya, Anirban and Bolling, Benjamin and Borg, Walther and Bustinduy, Ibon and Calic, Stevo and Carroll, Martin and Cereijo García, Javier and Chauveau, Anne-Catherine and Christensson, Johan and Christie, Joe and Comunian, Michele and Conde, Alexander and Danared, Håkan and Derrez, Clement and Donegani, Elena and Ekström, Staffan and Eriksson, Mattias and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Esteban Müller, Juan and Fagotti, Enrico and Falkland, Kristofer and Fernández-Cañoto, David and Ferrari, Luigi and Ferreira, Marcelo and Forsat, Amir and Gabourin, Stéphane and Garmendia, Nagore and Giacchini, Mauro and González, Pedro and Gorzawski, Arkadiusz and Grespan, Francesco and Grishin, Viatcheslav and Gustavsson, Per Olof and Haghtalab, Saeed and Hamel, Pierrick and Harahap, Vincent and Harper, Giles and Hassanzadegan, Hooman and Hees, Wolfgang and Jamróz, Jerzy and Jansson, Andreas and Jensen, Morten and Jones, Bryan and Kaftoosian, Arash and Kalafatic, Marko and Kittelmann, Irena and Kocevar, Hinko and Kövecses de Carvalho, Szandra and Laface, Emanuele and Lagoguez, Bruno and Levinsen, Yngve and Lindroos, Mats and Lundmark, Anton and Mansouri, Morteza and Marrelli, Chiara and Martin, Javier and Martins, Carlos and Martins, Joao Paulo and Mazkiaran, Idoia and Mereu, Paolo and Micic, Slavisa and Milas, Natalia and Mingioni, Carlo and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Mohammednezhad, Mehdi and Montaño, Rafael and Montis, Maurizio and Muñoz, Juan and Muñoz, Marc and Mörk, Gustav and Nenni, Marco and Neri, Lorenzo and Nicoletti, Edoardo and Nicosia, Domenic and Nilsson, Bo and Noll, Daniel and Nordt, Annika and Olsson, Tomas and Page, Laurence and Palmieri, Antonio and Paulic, Denis and Pavinato, Stefano and Payandeh Azad, Siavoosh and Petrushenko, Artem and Piquet, Olivier and Pisent, Andrea and Páramo, Angel and Riegert, Julien and Rizzo, Alfio and Rosengren, Kaj and Rosquist, Kristofer and Scarpa, Daniele and Serluca, Maurizio and Shea, Thomas and Simelio, Antoni and Slettebak, Solve and Sosa, Alejandro and Spoelstra, Hilko and Svensson, Anders and Svensson, Linus and Tarkeshian, Roxana and Tchelidze, Lali and Thomas, Cyrille and Trachanas, Emmanouil and Varnasseri, Seadat and Vestin, Karl and Zeng, Rihua and Zugazaga, Aitor and van Velze, Peter and Öst, Nils}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {tex.ids= PlostinarC22:StatusNormalConductinga ISSN: 2673-5490}, pages = {2019--2022}, }

Zhukov, A., Esteban Müller, J., Hoover, A., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y., Milas, N., & Shishlo, A. (2022). Open XAL Status Report 2022. 1271–1274. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK029

ISSN: 2673-5490

13th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC'22)

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{zhukov2022open, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, title = {Open {XAL} {Status} {Report} 2022}, isbn = {978-3-95450-227-1}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/ipac2022/doi/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK029.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK029}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-09-04}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Zhukov, Alexander and Esteban Müller, Juan and Hoover, Austin and Laface, Emanuele and Levinsen, Yngve and Milas, Natalia and Shishlo, Andrei}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5490}, pages = {1271--1274}, }

Lundquist, J. (2022). Tuning of the ESS Drift Tube Linac using Machine Learning [Master, Lund University]. http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9075906

The European Spallation Source‚ currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ will be the world’s brightest neutron source. It is driven by a linear accelerator designed to accelerate a beam of protons with 62.5 mA‚ 2.86 ms long pulses‚ working at 14 Hz. The final section of its normal-conducting front-end consists of a 39 m long drift tube linac divided into five tanks‚ designed to accelerate the proton beam from 3.6\textasciitildeMeV to 90 MeV. The high beam current and power impose challenges to the design and tuning of the machine. In order to keep the beam quality throughout the accelerator and beam losses at a minimum the radio frequency amplitude and phase within the accelerating components have to be set within 1% and 1 deg of the design values. One of the usual methods used to define the radio frequency set-point is called signature matching‚ which can be a challenging process‚ and new techniques to meet the growing complexity of accelerator facilities are highly desirable. Machine learning is a rapidly growing field which has found applications in a wide range of scenarios‚ accelerators being no exception‚ but the tuning of RF fields using machine learning has yet to be tried. This project explores the possibility of applying machine learning in this area of accelerator physics‚ comparing this novel technique with the established signature matching and introducing a new possibility for faster tuning using a different data structure. For this purpose‚ simulations of the first tank in the drift tube linac section of the ESS linac were used to produce large amounts of tuning data at varying setpoints for the machine. Data like this was then used with the signature matching and machine learning techniques to fit the necessary functions for the traditional technique and train artificial neural networks for the novel technique. Random machine errors were later introduced to test each method’s generalized performance. This data was also restructured to allow for machine tuning in a single shot‚ while usually a parameter scan is necessary‚ and machine learning techniques were tried for tuning on this data. Machine learning has been found to perform well in comparison with the established method‚ with some select advantages inherent to machine learning. This faster RF tuning technique only possible with machine learning‚ is found to perform well‚ although not quite within the given 1% and 1 deg limitations. As the rest of the results of this project are all on simulated data for the ESS‚ a comparison with results of these techniques on real data collected from the Spallation Neutron Source in the USA was performed. Future improvements could include workarounds for faulty network inputs and further tuning of the networks used.

doi

@mastersthesis{lundquist2022tuning, title = {Tuning of the {ESS} {Drift} {Tube} {Linac} using {Machine} {Learning}}, copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess}, url = {http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9075906}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2022-08-24}, school = {Lund University}, author = {Lundquist, Johan}, month = jan, year = {2022}, }

Miyamoto, R., Amstutz, C., Armanet, S., Baltador, C., Baron, R., Bellan, L., Bergman, E., Bhattacharyya, A., Bolling, B., Borg, W., Bustinduy, I., Calic, S., Carroll, M., Cereijo García, J., Chauveau, A.-C., Christensson, J., Christie, J., Comunian, M., Conde, A., … Öst, N. (2022). Beam Commissioning of Normal Conducting Part and Status of ESS Project. 18–24. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA02

ISSN: 2226-0366

31st International Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC'22), Liverpool, UK, 28 August-02 September 2022

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{miyamoto2022beam, title = {Beam {Commissioning} of {Normal} {Conducting} {Part} and {Status} of {ESS} {Project}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-215-8}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/linac2022/doi/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA02.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2022-MO1PA02}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-09-18}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Amstutz, Christian and Armanet, Stephane and Baltador, Carlo and Baron, Rafael and Bellan, Luca and Bergman, Edvard and Bhattacharyya, Anirban and Bolling, Benjamin and Borg, Walther and Bustinduy, Ibon and Calic, Stevo and Carroll, Martin and Cereijo García, Javier and Chauveau, Anne-Catherine and Christensson, Johan and Christie, Joe and Comunian, Michele and Conde, Alexander and Danared, Håkan and Derrez, Clement and Donegani, Elena and Ekström, Staffan and Eriksson, Mattias and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Esteban Müller, Juan and Falkland, Kristofer and Fernández-Cañoto, David and Forsat, Amir and Gabourin, Stéphane and Garcia Sosa, Alejandro and Garmendia, Nagore and González, Pedro and Gorzawski, Arkadiusz and Grespan, Francesco and Grishin, Viatcheslav and Gustavsson, Per Olof and Haghtalab, Saeed and Hamel, Pierrick and Harahap, Vincent and Harper, Giles and Hassanzadegan, Hooman and Hees, Wolfgang and Jamróz, Jerzy and Jansson, Andreas and Jensen, Morten and Jones, Bryan and Juni Ferreira, Marcelo and Kaftoosian, Arash and Kalafatic, Marko and Kittelmann, Irena and Kocevar, Hinko and Kövecses de Carvalho, Szandra and Laface, Emanuele and Lagoguez, Bruno and Levinsen, Yngve and Lindroos, Mats and Lundmark, Anton and Mansouri, Morteza and Marrelli, Chiara and Martin, Javier and Martins, Carlos and Martins, Joao Paulo and Mazkiaran, Idoia and Micic, Slavisa and Milas, Natalia and Mohammednezhad, Mehdi and Montaño, Rafael and Muñoz, Juan and Muñoz, Marc and Mörk, Gustav and Nicosia, Domenic and Nilsson, Bo and Noll, Daniel and Nordt, Annika and Olsson, Tomas and Page, Laurence and Paulic, Denis and Pavinato, Stefano and Petrushenko, Artem and Piquet, Olivier and Pisent, Andrea and Plostinar, Ciprian and Páramo, Angel and Riegert, Julien and Rizzo, Alfio and Rosengren, Kaj and Rosquist, Kristofer and Serluca, Maurizio and Shea, Thomas and Simelio, Antoni and Slettebak, Solve and Spoelstra, Hilko and Svensson, Anders and Svensson, Linus and Tarkeshian, Roxana and Tchelidze, Lali and Thomas, Cyrille and Trachanas, Emmanouil and Varnasseri, Seadat and Vestin, Karl and Zeng, Rihua and Zugazaga, Aitor and van Velze, Peter and Öst, Nils}, month = sep, year = {2022}, note = {ISSN: 2226-0366}, pages = {18--24}, }

2021

Lundquist, J., Milas, N., & Werin, S. (2021). Machine Learning Methods for Single Shot RF Tuning. 313–316. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2021-TUPP41

ISSN: 2673-5350

10th International Beam Instrumentation Conference (IBIC'21), Pohang, Rep. of Korea, 24-28 May 2021

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{lundquist2021machine, title = {Machine {Learning} {Methods} for {Single} {Shot} {RF} {Tuning}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-230-1}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/ibic2021/doi/JACoW-IBIC2021-TUPP41.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2021-TUPP41}, language = {en}, urldate = {2023-12-04}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Lundquist, Johan and Milas, Natalia and Werin, Sverker}, month = oct, year = {2021}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5350}, pages = {313--316}, }

Blaskovic Kraljevic, N., Eshraqi, M., Milas, N., & Miyamoto, R. (2021). ESS Proton Beam Trajectory Correction. IPAC’21, TUPAB176. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB176

ISSN: 2673-5490

12th International Particle Accelerator Conference

The proton linac of the European Spallation Source (ESS) is under construction in Lund‚ Sweden. Beam trajectory correction is essential to mitigate the effect of accelerator element misalignment‚ constituting the first step to minimise beam losses. The correction will be performed using correctors distributed along the accelerator‚ based on the beam position monitor (BPM) readout. Three trajectory correction techniques are considered: one-to-one steering‚ Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)‚ and MICADO (selecting a subset of correctors for the trajectory correction). The performance of the three methods is simulated for the ESS linac and a comparison of the outcomes is presented.

pdf

doi

@inproceedings{blaskovic_kraljevic_ess_2021, address = {Campinas, Brazil}, title = {{ESS} {Proton} {Beam} {Trajectory} {Correction}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-214-1}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB176}, language = {en}, booktitle = {{IPAC}'21}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Blaskovic Kraljevic, Neven and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Milas, Natalia and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, month = aug, year = {2021}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5490}, pages = {TUPAB176}, }

Lundquist, J., Milas, N., Nilsson, E., & Werin, S. (2021). ESS DTL Tuning Using Machine Learning Methods. TUPAB198. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB198

ISSN: 2673-5490

IPAC'21

The European Spallation Source‚ currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ will be the world’s most powerful neutron source. It is driven by a proton linac with a current of 62.5 mA‚ 2.86 ms long pulses at 14 Hz. The final section of its normal-conducting front-end consists of a 39 m long drift tube linac (DTL) divided into five tanks‚ designed to accelerate the proton beam from 3.6 MeV to 90 MeV. The high beam current and power impose challenges to the design and tuning of the machine and the RF amplitude and phase have to be set within 1% and 1 degree of the design values. The usual method used to define the RF set-point is signature matching‚ which can be a time consuming and challenging process‚ and new techniques to meet the growing complexity of accelerator facilities are highly desirable. In this paper we study the usage of Machine Learning to determine the RF optimum amplitude and phase. The data from a simulated phase scan is fed into an artificial neural network in order to identify the needed changes to achieve the best tuning. Our test for the ESS DTL1 shows promising results‚ and further development of the method will be outlined.

pdf

doi

@inproceedings{lundquist2021ess, address = {Campinas, Brazil}, title = {{ESS} {DTL} {Tuning} {Using} {Machine} {Learning} {Methods}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-214-1}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB198}, language = {en}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Lundquist, Johan and Milas, Natalia and Nilsson, Emelie and Werin, Sverker}, month = aug, year = {2021}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5490}, pages = {TUPAB198}, }

Milas, N., Esteban Müller, J., Gorlov, T., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y., Shishlo, A., & Zhukov, A. (2021). Open XAL Status Report 2021. WEPAB319. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB319

ISSN: 2673-5490

IPAC'21

The Open XAL accelerator physics software platform is being developed through international collaboration among several facilities since 2010. The goal of the collaboration is to establish Open XAL as a multi-purpose software platform supporting a broad range of tool and application development in accelerator physics and high-level control (Open XAL also ships with a suite of general-purpose accelerator applications). This paper discusses progress in beam dynamics simulation‚ new RF models‚ and updated application framework along with new generic accelerator physics applications. We present the current status of the project‚ a roadmap for continued development‚ and an overview of the project status at each participating facility.

pdf

doi

@inproceedings{milas2021open, address = {Campinas, Brazil}, title = {Open {XAL} {Status} {Report} 2021}, isbn = {978-3-95450-214-1}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB319}, language = {en}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Milas, Natalia and Esteban Müller, Juan and Gorlov, Timofey and Laface, Emanuele and Levinsen, Yngve and Shishlo, Andrei and Zhukov, Alexander}, month = aug, year = {2021}, note = {ISSN: 2673-5490}, pages = {WEPAB319}, }

2020

Milas, N., Plostinar, C., Miyamoto, R., Eshraqi, M., & Liu, Y. (2020). Position-based cavity tuning. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, 23(11), 114002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.114002

Publisher: American Physical Society

Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

Knowledge of the longitudinal beam parameters is important for understanding beam dynamics in any machine. In a linear accelerator (linac)‚ to guarantee a stable motion in the longitudinal plane‚ the settings for the radio frequency cavities must be established by determining the phase and amplitude witnessed by the beam. In most modern hadron linacs‚ the requirements on phase and amplitude accuracy are 1° and 1% respectively‚ which is particularly challenging. Although systematic approaches for finding the phase and amplitude of cavities are available in many facilities with operational linacs‚ it is also vital to have a system in place when the standard time-of-flight based functionality is down or not yet available (as is often the case in the early stages of commissioning). Such a method should be relatively fast and simple‚ and should not depend on time-of-flight measurements or a rigorous phase calibration of the beam position monitors. This work presents a new phase- and amplitude-scan method which only requires information from transverse positions measured at beam position monitors downstream of the cavity being scanned. The scanning then relies on transverse trajectory correction‚ which has been developed extensively by the community. As a by-product‚ this method can also provide estimates for a cavity’s transverse misalignment. The method has been developed and tested for a single-cell cavity; the simulated effectiveness for a multicell cavity is also presented.‚ This article appears in the following collection:

doi

@article{milas2020position-based, title = {Position-based cavity tuning}, volume = {23}, url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.114002}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.114002}, number = {11}, urldate = {2020-11-20}, journal = {Physical Review Accelerators and Beams}, author = {Milas, N. and Plostinar, C. and Miyamoto, R. and Eshraqi, M. and Liu, Y.}, month = nov, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: American Physical Society}, pages = {114002}, }

Laface, E., & Folsom, B. T. (2020). Covariant Hamiltonian approach for time-dependent potentials applied to a pill-box cavity. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, 23(10), 104001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.104001

Publisher: American Physical Society

Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

The typical treatment of time-dependent potentials‚ such as those used for radio frequency cavities‚ is to average a potential’s time component through the interval that a reference particle spends in the cavity. Such an approach‚ using the so-called transit-time factor‚ uses time as the independent variable in the Hamiltonian. In this paper‚ we instead propose a fully covariant Hamiltonian to treat a potential’s time component like any other space component. We show how to calculate the dynamics of particles in a pill-box cavity using an explicit symplectic integrator. Finally‚ we compare the results with the simulator tracewin.

doi

@article{laface2020covariant, title = {Covariant {Hamiltonian} approach for time-dependent potentials applied to a pill-box cavity}, volume = {23}, url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.104001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.104001}, number = {10}, urldate = {2020-11-20}, journal = {Physical Review Accelerators and Beams}, author = {Laface, E. and Folsom, B. T.}, month = oct, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: American Physical Society}, pages = {104001}, }

Eshraqi, M., Celona, L., Danared, H., Derrez, C., Donegani, E., Fay, T., Gammino, S., Sosa, A. G., Gålnander, B., Haghtalab, S., Hassanzadegan, H., Jansson, A., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y., Lindroos, M., Martins, J. P., Milas, N., Miyamoto, R., Muñoz, M., … Thomas, C. (2020). First Protons in the ESS LINAC. Journal of Surface Investigation: X-Ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques, 14(1), S42–S49. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451020070137

Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques

J. Synch. Investig.

The European Spallation Source (ESS)‚ currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ will be the world’s brightest neutron source‚ driven by a linear accelerator (LINAC) with an average beam power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV beam energy. The LINAC accelerates a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current at 4% duty cycle (2.86 ms at 14 Hz). The accelerator uses a normal conducting front-end bringing the beam energy to 90 MeV‚ beyond that the acceleration up to 2 GeV is performed using superconducting structures. The first protons were extracted at the ESS site during the commissioning of the ion source and low energy beam transport that started earlier this year and will continue to the next stage of the commissioning up to 21 MeV early next year. This paper gives an overview of the status of the ESS accelerator and the commissioning of the ion source and the low energy beam transport.

doi

@article{eshraqi2020first, title = {First {Protons} in the {ESS} {LINAC}}, volume = {14}, issn = {1819-7094}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451020070137}, doi = {10.1134/S1027451020070137}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2021-10-18}, journal = {Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques}, author = {Eshraqi, M. and Celona, L. and Danared, H. and Derrez, C. and Donegani, E. and Fay, T. and Gammino, S. and Sosa, A. Garcia and Gålnander, B. and Haghtalab, S. and Hassanzadegan, H. and Jansson, A. and Laface, E. and Levinsen, Y. and Lindroos, M. and Martins, J. P. and Milas, N. and Miyamoto, R. and Muñoz, M. and Neri, L. and Nilsson, E. and Plostinar, C. and Qin, Y. and Shea, T. and Tarkeshian, R. and Thomas, C.}, month = oct, year = {2020}, pages = {S42--S49}, }

Miyamoto, R., Derrez, C. S., Donegani, E. M., Eshraqi, M., Gålnander, B., Hassanzadegan, H., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y., Milas, N., Muñoz, M., Nilsson, E., Plostinar, C., Sosa, A. G., Tarkeshian, R., & Thomas, C. (2020). Highlights from the first beam commissioning stage at ESS for its ion source and low energy beam transport. 15(07), P07027–P07027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/07/P07027

Publisher: IOP Publishing

J. Inst.

The proton linac of the European Spallation Source‚ under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ had beam commissioning of its ion source (IS) and the following low energy beam transport (LEBT) at their final locations from September 2018 to July 2019. This was first of several beam commissioning stages for the linac of ESS‚ towards the start of the user program in 2023. This paper presents highlights of characterizations of the IS and LEBT from the aforementioned beam commissioning period‚ including behavioral change of the IS against its parameters‚ error source identifications of the beam trajectory in the LEBT‚ and preliminary characterization of the LEBT output beam against solenoid strengths in LEBT.

doi

@article{miyamoto2020highlights, title = {Highlights from the first beam commissioning stage at {ESS} for its ion source and low energy beam transport}, volume = {15}, issn = {1748-0221}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/07/p07027}, doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/15/07/P07027}, language = {en}, number = {07}, urldate = {2021-10-18}, author = {Miyamoto, R. and Derrez, C. S. and Donegani, E. M. and Eshraqi, M. and Gålnander, B. and Hassanzadegan, H. and Laface, E. and Levinsen, Y. and Milas, N. and Muñoz, M. and Nilsson, E. and Plostinar, C. and Sosa, A. G. and Tarkeshian, R. and Thomas, C.}, month = jul, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing}, pages = {P07027--P07027}, }

Johannesson, S. (2020). Fast retuning of superconducting radiofrequency accelerating cavities in the European Spallation Source linear accelerator. [Lund University]. http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9023788

The aim of the degree project is to continue the work of PhD student YuanShuai Qin on creating a fast retuning of the ESS accelerator lattice in the event of an accelerating cavity being offline. The main goal of the project was evaluating and improving the retuning routine created by YuanShuai Qin. The major concern is to maintain beam stability by reducing emittance growth and keeping the beam phase advance smooth. Firstly‚ the original Matlab code for retuning authored by YuanShuai Qin was translated to python. This work included creating a genetic algorithm used as the optimizer on the retuning process. To make sure that this had been done correctly‚ the transfer matrix of a small lattice containing a few cavities were compared between TraceWin‚ the original Matlab code and the new python code. The resulting transfer matrix of the Pyhton code was closer to TraceWin than the transfer matrix calculated from the original Matlab script. One of the major approximations used in the retuning routine was the exclusion of space charge effects. To determine if this was a too crude approximation a new lattice was created‚ which is the ESS lattice but matched without the effects of space charge. The Twiss parameter was accurately calculated‚ with TraceWin as reference‚ when space charge was not considered in the simulations but not when the effects were included. However‚ the matching routine was tested on both lattices for failed cavities at different positions in the accelerator. The main conclusion was that the beam stability was maintained only slightly better when the effects of space charge was excluded compared to the effects were included. One of the major issues‚ including or excluding space charge effects‚ was an increasing beam phase advance for the retuned lattices. This was attempted to be rectified using beam phase advance optimization in the fitness function fed to the genetic algorithm used for the retuning process. This new fitness function made the retuning extremely slow and did not improve the resulting lattice much. Therefore‚ the conclusion is that if the retuning routine is to be improved‚ space charge should be included in the optimization‚ perhaps by creating the transfer matrices with respect to the effects of space charge.

doi

@phdthesis{johannesson2020fast, title = {Fast retuning of superconducting radiofrequency accelerating cavities in the {European} {Spallation} {Source} linear accelerator.}, copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess}, url = {http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9023788}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2023-10-11}, school = {Lund University}, author = {Johannesson, Sofia}, year = {2020}, }

2019

Qin, Y., Eshraqi, M., Levinsen, Y., & Miyamoto, R. (2019). Design of the Transferline to the ESS Target and Beam Dump at Reduced Beam Energy. Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 1034–1037. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS081

IPAC'19

The European Spallation Source (ESS) linac transfer-lines to the target and beam dump are designed for the 2 GeV beam energy. The commissioning and operation of the accelerator will start at a reduced energy of 571 MeV with the high beta part of the linac unpowered. The beam power at this energy is still above 1 MW and a proper transport from the last accelerating cavity to the target is essential. Beam dynamics design of the High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) and Accelerator to Target (A2T) are studied based on this reduced energy in this paper‚ including phase advance optimization and rematch. Among the factors which are analyzed are the envelope and beam size on the target which are kept close to their values at 2 GeV and losses along the linac and the transfer lines.

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doi

@inproceedings{qin2019design, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, title = {Design of the {Transferline} to the {ESS} {Target} and {Beam} {Dump} at {Reduced} {Beam} {Energy}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-208-0}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS081}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-09-05}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Qin, Yuanshuai and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Levinsen, Yngve and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, month = jun, year = {2019}, pages = {1034--1037}, }

Miyamoto, R., Bebb, R., Bergman, E., Bergstrom, I., Bertrand, B., Celona, L., Danared, H., Derrez, C., Donegani, E., Eshraqi, M., Esteban Müller, J., Fay, T., Grishin, V., Gålnander, B., Haghtalab, S., Hassanzadegan, H., Jansson, A., Kocevar, H., Laface, E., … van Velze, P. (2019). First Results of Beam Commissioning on the ESS Site for the Ion Source and Low Energy Beam Transport. Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 1118–1121. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS103

IPAC'19

The European Spallation Source (ESS)‚ currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ will be a spallation neutron source driven by a proton linac of an unprecedented 5 MW beam power. Such a high power requires its ion source (IS) to produce proton beam pulses at 14 Hz with a high peak current more than 62.5 mA and a long plateau up to §I\3\ms\. The IS and the following low energy beam transport (LEBT) section were manufactured and tested with beam to meet ESS requirements at INFN-LNS and delivered to ESS towards the end of 2017. Beam commissioning of these two sections on the ESS site has started in September 2018 and will continue until the end of June 2019. This paper provides an overview on this first beam commissioning period at ESS and also presents results of IS characterization and testing on LEBT functionalities.

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@inproceedings{miyamoto2019first, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, title = {First {Results} of {Beam} {Commissioning} on the {ESS} {Site} for the {Ion} {Source} and {Low} {Energy} {Beam} {Transport}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-208-0}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS103}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-09-05}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Bebb, Richard and Bergman, Edvard and Bergstrom, Ida and Bertrand, Benjamin and Celona, Luigi and Danared, Håkan and Derrez, Clement and Donegani, Elena and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Esteban Müller, Juan and Fay, Thomas and Grishin, Viatcheslav and Gålnander, Björn and Haghtalab, Saeed and Hassanzadegan, Hooman and Jansson, Andreas and Kocevar, Hinko and Laface, Emanuele and Levinsen, Yngve and Mansouri, Morteza and Martins, Carlos and Martins, Joao Paulo and Milas, Natalia and Muñoz, Marc and Neri, Lorenzo and Nilsson, Emelie and Plostinar, Ciprian and Rosati, Claudio and Shea, Thomas and Sosa, Alejandro and Tarkeshian, Roxana and Tchelidze, Lali and Thomas, Cyrille and van Velze, Peter}, month = jun, year = {2019}, pages = {1118--1121}, }

Bolling, B., & Milas, N. (2019). DC Beam Space-Charge Modeling for OpenXAL. Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 3177–3180. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-WEPTS037

IPAC'19

OpenXAL is an open source multi-purpose accelerator physics software platform based on a pure Java open source development environment used for creating accelerator physics applications‚ scripts and services. Currently‚ the software has been used with an ellipsoidal (bunched) beam to account for space-charge effects. Applications developed so far for ESS‚ such as the Virtual Machine for the ESS Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) section‚ would profit from a DC beam description. In this paper‚ the space-charge component for a continuous beam is derived taking into account beams with different transverse charge distributions (uniform‚ gaussian‚ etc). The implementation in OpenXAL and a comparison with other simulation codes is also presented.

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@inproceedings{bolling2019dc, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, title = {{DC} {Beam} {Space}-{Charge} {Modeling} for {OpenXAL}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-208-0}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-WEPTS037}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-09-05}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Bolling, Benjamin and Milas, Natalia}, month = jun, year = {2019}, pages = {3177--3180}, }

Miyamoto, R., Derrez, C., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y., Milas, N., Sosa, A., Tarkeshian, R., & Thomas, C. (2019). ESS Low Energy Beam Transport Tuning During the First Beam Commissioning Stage. Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 1046–1049. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS084

IPAC'19

Beam commissioning of the ion source (IS) and low energy beam transport (LEBT) of the European Spallation Source is ongoing on its site as of writing this paper and continues until June 2019. The LEBT consists of two solenoids with integrated dipole correctors to steer‚ focus‚ and match the high current divergent beam out of the IS to the following radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ). It is also equipped with a suite of diagnostics devices to provide a full characterization of the beam for achieving a good transport within the LEBT‚ optimizing the matching to the RFQ‚ and also providing references to numerical simulations. This paper presents results of beam characterization campaign from the ongoing beam commissioning period‚ including the matching at the RFQ interface based on emittance sampling for varied strengths of the solenoids and verification of the linear model for the trajectory and beam envelope.

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doi

@inproceedings{miyamoto2019ess, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, title = {{ESS} {Low} {Energy} {Beam} {Transport} {Tuning} {During} the {First} {Beam} {Commissioning} {Stage}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-208-0}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS084}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-08-29}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Derrez, Clement and Laface, Emanuele and Levinsen, Yngve and Milas, Natalia and Sosa, Alejandro and Tarkeshian, Roxana and Thomas, Cyrille}, month = jun, year = {2019}, pages = {1046--1049}, }

Nilsson, E., Eshraqi, M., Esteban Müller, J., Levinsen, Y., Milas, N., & Miyamoto, R. (2019). Beam Dynamics Simulation with an Updated Model for the ESS Ion Source and Low Energy Beam Transport. Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 1042–1045. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS083

Citation Key Alias: :, NilssonE19:BeamDynamicsSimulationa

IPAC'19

Beam dynamics simulation of the ion source (IS) and low energy beam transport (LEBT) of the European Spallation Source (ESS) Linac is conducted with TraceWin and IBSimu code. TraceWin allows multi-particle tracking based on a particle-in-cell space-charge solver and is the standard simulation tool of the whole ESS Linac. IBSimu is based on a Vlasov solver and allows to simulate beam extraction from plasma as well as the beam transport in the LEBT. In preparation for beam commissioning of the IS and LEBT in the ESS Linac tunnel‚ which started in September 2018 and is ongoing as of the timing of writing this paper‚ the simulation models of the IS and LEBT in these two codes were updated. This paper reports the effort for these updates‚ including the beam distribution out of the IS‚ electromagnetic field map of the LEBT solenoid‚ more realistic aperture structure in the LEBT‚ as well as updated LEBT solenoids scan simulation.

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doi

@inproceedings{nilsson2019beam, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, title = {Beam {Dynamics} {Simulation} with an {Updated} {Model} for the {ESS} {Ion} {Source} and {Low} {Energy} {Beam} {Transport}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-208-0}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS083}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-08-29}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Nilsson, Emelie and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Esteban Müller, Juan and Levinsen, Yngve and Milas, Natalia and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, month = jun, year = {2019}, note = {Citation Key Alias: :, NilssonE19:BeamDynamicsSimulationa}, pages = {1042--1045}, }

Milas, N., Esteban Müller, J., Laface, E., & Levinsen, Y. (2019). Status of OpenXAL at ESS. 432–435. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-ICALEPCS2019-MOPHA095

ISSN: 2226-0358

ICALEPS 2019

ICALEPS

The OpenXAL accelerator physics software platform is being developed through international collaboration among several facilities since 2010. The goal of the collaboration is to establish OpenXAL as a multi-purpose software platform supporting a broad range of tool and application development in accelerator physics and high-level control. This paper discusses progress in beam dynamics simulation and updated application framework along with new generic accelerator physics applications for the ESS branch of the collaboration. We present the current status of the project‚ a roadmap for continued development and an overview of the future developments needed for ESS future commissioning work.

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@inproceedings{milas2019status, address = {New York, NY, USA}, title = {Status of {OpenXAL} at {ESS}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-209-7}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-ICALEPCS2019-MOPHA095}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-10-14}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Milas, Natalia and Esteban Müller, Juan and Laface, Emanuele and Levinsen, Yngve}, month = oct, year = {2019}, note = {ISSN: 2226-0358}, pages = {432--435}, }

Bolling, B. (2019). Development of a DC Beam Model for the First Prototype of the ESS Virtual Machine [Master, Lund University]. https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8980539

The European Spallation Source is currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden. Consisting of a linear accelerator delivering an unprecedented 5 MW proton beam to the spallation source‚ i.e. a rotating Tungsten disk‚ it will deliver high-flux neutron beams to multiple beamlines at which scientific experiments will be conducted in many scientific disciplines. To simulate the proton beam and for creating accelerator physics applications‚ scripts and services‚ the open source multi-purpose accelerator physics software platform OpenXAL is used. It is based on a pure Java open source development environment‚ which thus far has been used with an ellipsoidal (bunched) beam to account for space charge effects. The virtual machine (VM) for the ESS Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) section would profit from having a properly derived continuous (DC) beam model as the beam travelling through the LEBT is DC‚ and the space charge effect has a strong impact on a low-energy beam. Thus‚ in this thesis‚ a DC beam has been derived‚ implemented in the OpenXAL and compared against other simulation codes. The results from these comparisons were consistent‚ suggesting that the deriva- tion and implementation have been properly executed. After the good results from the comparisons‚ a first prototype of the ESS VM GUI was developed. It covers some basic functionalities and is able to simulate a DC and a bunched beam‚ and visualize the trajectory of the beam and its envelope.

doi

@mastersthesis{bolling2019development, title = {Development of a {DC} {Beam} {Model} for the {First} {Prototype} of the {ESS} {Virtual} {Machine}}, url = {https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8980539}, school = {Lund University}, author = {Bolling, Benjamin}, collaborator = {Cederkäll, Joakim and Milas, Natalia}, year = {2019}, }

Gålnander, B., Eshraqi, M., Martins, C., Collins, M., Miyamoto, R., & Farricker, A. (2019). Status of ESS linac upgrade studies for ESSnuSB. CERN Document Server, MOPTS082. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS082

tex.ids= GalnanderB19:StatusESSLinac

IPAC'19

The European Spallation Source (ESS)‚ currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ is the world’s most powerful neutron spallation source‚ with an average power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV. In the ESS neutrino Super Beam Project (ESSnuSB) it is proposed to utilise this powerful accelerator as a proton driver for a neutrino beam that will be sent to a large underground Cherenkov detector in Garpenberg‚ mid-Sweden. In this paper we discuss the required modifications of the ESS linac to reach an additional 5 MW beam power for neutrino production in parallel to the spallation neutron production.

doi

@inproceedings{galnander2019status, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, title = {Status of {ESS} linac upgrade studies for {ESSnuSB}}, shorttitle = {{JACoW}}, url = {https://cds.cern.ch/record/2695088}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS082}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-09-20}, booktitle = {{CERN} {Document} {Server}}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Gålnander, Björn and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Martins, Carlos and Collins, Max and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Farricker, Aaron}, year = {2019}, note = {tex.ids= GalnanderB19:StatusESSLinac}, keywords = {extraction, ion-source, linac, neutron, proton}, pages = {MOPTS082}, }

2018

Lee, Y., Miyamoto, R., Shea, T., & Thomsen, H. (2018). The Beam Conditions on the Target and its Operational Impacts on Beam Intercepting Devices at European Spallation Source. 110–115. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HB2018-TUP2WE02

HB2018

A large flux of spallation neutrons will be produced at the European Spallation Source (ESS) by impinging high power proton beam on the tungsten target. Until the 5 MW proton beam is stopped by the spallation target‚ it travels through a number of beam intercepting devices (BIDs)‚ which include the proton beam window‚ a multi-wire beam profile monitor‚ an aperture monitor‚ the beam entrance window‚ spallation material and the target shroud. The beam-induced thermo-mechanical loads and the damage dose rate in the BIDs are largely determined by the beam energy and the beam current density. At ESS‚ the proton beam energy will be commissioned step-wisely‚ from 570 MeV towards 2 GeV. The beam current density on the BIDs in the target station is equally painted by raster beam optics. The ESS Linac and its beam optics will create rectangular beam profiles on the target with varying beam intensities. In this paper‚ we study the impacts of different plausible beam intensities and beam energies on the thermo-mechanical loads and radiation damage rates in the BIDs at the ESS target station.

doi

@inproceedings{lee2018beam, address = {Daejeon, Korea}, title = {The {Beam} {Conditions} on the {Target} and its {Operational} {Impacts} on {Beam} {Intercepting} {Devices} at {European} {Spallation} {Source}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-202-8}, url = {https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/hb2018/doi/JACoW-HB2018-TUP2WE02.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-HB2018-TUP2WE02}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-09-23}, publisher = {JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Lee, Yongjoong and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Shea, Thomas and Thomsen, Heine}, month = jul, year = {2018}, pages = {110--115}, }

Miyamoto, R., & Thomsen, H. (2018). Parametric Study of the Beam Footprint Characteristics on the ESS Target. 866–869. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF062

IPAC'18

abstract

doi

@inproceedings{miyamoto2018parametric, address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada}, title = {Parametric {Study} of the {Beam} {Footprint} {Characteristics} on the {ESS} {Target}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-184-7}, url = {http://jacow.org/ipac2018/papers/tupaf062.pdf}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF062}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-11-11}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Thomsen, Heine}, month = jun, year = {2018}, pages = {866--869}, }

Levinsen, Y., De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Grandsaert, T., Jansson, A., Kocevar, H., Midttun, Ø., Milas, N., Miyamoto, R., Plostinar, C., Ponton, A., Shea, T., & Thomsen, H. (2018). ESS Accelerator Lattice Design Studies and Automatic Synoptic Deployment. ICAP2018, TUPAG11. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-ICAP2018-TUPAG11

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is currently under construction in the south of Sweden. A highly brilliant neutron source with a 5 MW proton driver will provide state of the art experimental facilities for neutron science. A peak proton beam power in the accelerator of 125 MW means that excellent control over the beam losses becomes essential. The beam physics design of the ESS accelerator is in a TraceWin format‚ for which we have developed revision control setup‚ automated regression analysis and deployment of synoptic viewer and tabulated spreadsheets. This allows for an integrated representation of the data that are always kept synchronized and available to other engineering disciplines. The design of the accelerator lattice has gone through several major and minor iterations which are all carefully analysed. In this contribution we present the status of the latest studies which is the first time a complete end-to-end study beginning from the ion source has been performed.

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@inproceedings{levinsen2018ess, address = {Key West, FL, USA}, title = {{ESS} {Accelerator} {Lattice} {Design} {Studies} and {Automatic} {Synoptic} {Deployment}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-200-4}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-ICAP2018-TUPAG11}, language = {en}, urldate = {2019-10-21}, booktitle = {{ICAP2018}}, author = {Levinsen, Yngve and De Prisco, Renato and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Grandsaert, Thomas and Jansson, Andreas and Kocevar, Hinko and Midttun, Øystein and Milas, Natalia and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Plostinar, Ciprian and Ponton, Aurélien and Shea, Thomas and Thomsen, Heine}, month = oct, year = {2018}, pages = {TUPAG11}, }

Midttun, Ø., Cheymol, B., Miyamoto, R., Thomas, C., Celona, L., & Neri, L. (2018). Measurements and simulations of the beam extraction from the ESS proton source. ICIS’17, 2011(1), 080022. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5053377

ICIS'17

A proton source with a Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) will be delivered to ESS in January 2018 by INFN-LNS. In order to prepare for the commissioning of this system at ESS‚ understanding the beam dynamics of the beam extraction and transport at low energy is important. The ion source and LEBT were commissioned at INFN-LNS in 2016-17 with measurements of the beam current‚ fractions of different ion species (H+‚ H+2‚ and H+3)‚ and emittance. In this paper we compare IBSimu simulations with these measured data. The goal is to reproduce different beam distributions at the exit of the ion source‚ which will help to optimize the beam optics and transmission to match the RFQ acceptance.

doi

@article{midttun2018measurements, title = {Measurements and simulations of the beam extraction from the {ESS} proton source}, volume = {2011}, issn = {0094-243X}, url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5053377}, doi = {10.1063/1.5053377}, number = {1}, urldate = {2018-11-06}, journal = {ICIS'17}, author = {Midttun, Ø. and Cheymol, B. and Miyamoto, R. and Thomas, C. and Celona, L. and Neri, L.}, month = sep, year = {2018}, pages = {080022}, }

Milas, N., Miyamoto, R., Eshraqi, M., Levinsen, Y., Plostinar, C., De Prisco, R., & Munoz, M. (2018). ESS commissioning plans. TUA1WD01. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HB2018-TUA1WD01

HB2018

The ESS linac is currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ and once completed it will deliver an unprecedented 5 MW of average power. The ion source and LEBT commissioning starts in 2018 and will continue with the RFQ‚ MEBT and the first DTL tank next year and up to the end of the fourth DTL tank in 2020. This paper will summarize the commissioning plans for the normal conducting linac with focus on the ion source and LEBT and application development for both commissioning and operation.

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@inproceedings{milas2018ess, address = {Daejeon, Korea}, title = {{ESS} commissioning plans}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-HB2018-TUA1WD01}, author = {Milas, N. and Miyamoto, R. and Eshraqi, M. and Levinsen, Y. and Plostinar, C. and De Prisco, R. and Munoz, M.}, month = jun, year = {2018}, keywords = {Commissioning, ESS}, pages = {TUA1WD01}, }

Levinsen, Y., De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Milas, N., Miyamoto, R., & Ponton, A. (2018, June). Beam Dynamics of the ESS Linac. HB2018, Daejeon, Korea. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HB2018-WEP1WB01

HB2018

The ESS linac will deliver an unprecedented 5 MW of average beam power when completed. Beyond the 90 MeV normal conducting front-end‚ the acceleration is performed using SC structures up to the design energy of 2 GeV. As the ESS will send the beam to a fixed tungsten target‚ the emittance is not as important a factor as in injectors. However‚ the losses have to be studied in detail‚ including not only the average operational loss required to be of less than 1 W/m‚ but also the accidental losses‚ losses due to failure and other potentially damaging losses. The commissioning of the ion source and LEBT starts this year and will continue with the RFQ next year. In this contribution we will discuss the beam dynamics aspects and challenges of the ESS linac.

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@inproceedings{levinsen2018beam, address = {Daejeon, Korea}, title = {Beam {Dynamics} of the {ESS} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-HB2018-WEP1WB01}, author = {Levinsen, Yngve and De Prisco, Renato and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Milas, Natalia and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Ponton, Aurélien}, month = jun, year = {2018}, }

Miyamoto, R., Eshraqi, M., Jansson, A., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y., Midttun, Ø., Milas, N., Munoz, M., Plostinar, C., Ponton, A., Sargsyan, E., & Tchelidze, L. (2018, May). Preparation towards the ESS linac ion source and LEBT beam commissioning on ESS site. IPAC’18, Vancouver, BC, Canada. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF064

IPAC'18

Beam commissioning of the proton linac of the European Spallation Source begin in summer‚ 2018‚ from the ion source (IS) and low energy beam transport (LEBT)‚ and continues in stages until 2022‚ when the first beam is sent to its spallation target. This paper presents the plan‚ status‚ and highlights of preparation works for the upcoming IS and LEBT beam commissioning.

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@inproceedings{miyamoto2018preparation, address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada}, title = {Preparation towards the {ESS} linac ion source and {LEBT} beam commissioning on {ESS} site}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF064}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Jansson, A. and Laface, E. and Levinsen, Y. and Midttun, Ø and Milas, N. and Munoz, M. and Plostinar, C. and Ponton, Aurélien and Sargsyan, Edgar and Tchelidze, Lali}, month = may, year = {2018}, }

Louisy, S. (2018). Transverse dynamics and system overview for the LEBT section of the ESS linac [Master, Lund University]. https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8935505

The Low Energy Beam Transport‚ LEBT‚ is the first part of the European Spallation Source accelerator‚ the ESS linac‚ that is currently under construction in Lund. The LEBT section‚ that will be installed and commissioned in early 2018‚ has the purpose of focusing and steering the low-energy proton beam that enters directly from the ion source. For simulation of the beam dynamics in the LEBT‚ ESS uses the accelerator application library OpenXAL. This thesis presents the work in benchmarking models for the LEBT’s focusing solenoids and steerers for OpenXAL‚ as well as the development of a user-friendly trajectory and envelope simulation application for the control room. Using TraceWin as a reference‚ the derived three-lenses approximation reduced the estimated worst case angle error of the steerers from 11.5% to 4.5% for the horizontal steerer and from 9.8% to 3.7% for the vertical steerer. Similar error reductions were found for the modified hard-edge model for the solenoids and the envelope evolution model. The LEBT application will be further developed by the Beam Physics section of ESS‚ and will finally be used in the control room during commissioning and routine operations of the LEBT.

doi

@mastersthesis{louisy2018transverse, title = {Transverse dynamics and system overview for the {LEBT} section of the {ESS} linac}, url = {https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8935505}, school = {Lund University}, author = {Louisy, Sofia}, collaborator = {Cederkäll, Joakim and Eshraqi, Mamad and Milas, Natalia}, year = {2018}, }

2017

Eshraqi, M. (2017). Normal Conducting Linac Beam Commissioning Scenarios and Steps (Technical Report No. ESS-0149990). European Spallation Source ERIC. https://chess.esss.lu.se/enovia/link/ESS-0149990/21308.51166.52480.1135/valid

This document outlines the beam commissioning scenarios and steps for the normal conducting Linac. The document also describes the order and durations of the activities for each beam commissioning step‚ as well as the ranges of the beam current‚ energy and power for each step. Defining these details clarify the requirements on the availability and functionality of the systems used during commissioning.

doi

@techreport{eshraqi2017normal, type = {technical report}, title = {Normal {Conducting} {Linac} {Beam} {Commissioning} {Scenarios} and {Steps}}, url = {https://chess.esss.lu.se/enovia/link/ESS-0149990/21308.51166.52480.1135/valid}, number = {ESS-0149990}, institution = {European Spallation Source ERIC}, author = {Eshraqi, Mamad}, collaborator = {Tchelidze, Lali and Levinsen, Yngve}, month = dec, year = {2017}, }

Plostinar, C., Eshraqi, M., Miyamoto, R., & Munoz, M. (2017). Beam Commissioning Planning Updates for the ESS Linac. IPAC’17, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPVA131

Citation Key: PlostinarC2017:BeamCommissioningPlanningUpdatesESSLinac

IPAC'17

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a flagship research facility currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden. It is driven by a 2 GeV linac‚ accelerating a 62.5 mA proton beam at a 4% duty cycle. With an average beam power of 5 MW‚ when completed the ESS linac will become the world’s most powerful. In this paper we summarise the latest beam commissioning plans from the ion source to the target‚ highlighting the individual phases‚ the beam dynamics challenges as well as the scheduling strategy.

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@inproceedings{PlostinarC2017:BeamCommissioningPlanningUpdatesESSLinac, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, title = {Beam {Commissioning} {Planning} {Updates} for the {ESS} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPVA131}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Plostinar, C. and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Munoz, M.}, year = {2017}, }

Pirani, S., Eshraqi, M., Lindroos, M., Bosotti, A., Chen, J. F., Michelato, P., Pagani, C., Paparella, R., & Sertore, D. (2017). Investigation of HOM Frequency Shifts Induced by Mechanical Tolerances. IPAC’17, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPVA091

Citation Key: PiraniS2017:InvestigationHOMFrequencyShiftsInducedMechanicalTolerances

IPAC'17

We present Higher Order Mode (HOM) studies on ESS Medium-Beta cavity of INFN-LASA design‚ including both simulation and measurement results. Mechanical tolerances of the fabrication process might shift HOMs frequencies toward harmonics of the bunch frequency. Both simulation and measurements at room and cryogenic temperature show that INFN LASA cavity is fully compatible with ESS requirements.

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@inproceedings{PiraniS2017:InvestigationHOMFrequencyShiftsInducedMechanicalTolerances, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, title = {Investigation of {HOM} {Frequency} {Shifts} {Induced} by {Mechanical} {Tolerances}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPVA091}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Pirani, Saeid and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Lindroos, Mats and Bosotti, A. and Chen, J. F. and Michelato, P. and Pagani, C. and Paparella, R. and Sertore, D.}, year = {2017}, }

Zhukov, A. P., Allen, C. K., Shishlo, A. P., Brown, D. A., Chao, Y.-C., Chu, C. P., Li, Y., Esteban Müller, J., Folsom, B., Laface, E., Levinsen, Y. I., Rosati, C., Gillette, P., Laurent, P., Lécorché, E., Normand, G., List, I., Pavleski, M., Lu, X. H., & Muller, J. E. (2017). Open XAL Status Report 2017. Proceedings of the 8th International Particle Accelerator Conference. IPAC’17, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA093

Citation Key: ZhukovAP2017:OpenXALStatusReport2017

IPAC'17

The Open XAL accelerator physics software platform is being developed through an international collaboration among several facilities since 2010 The goal of the collaboration is to establish Open XAL as a multi-purpose software platform supporting a broad range of tool and application development in accelerator physics (Open XAL also ships with a suite of general purpose accelerator applications). This paper discusses progress in beam dynamics simulation‚ interaction with control system and software organization. We present the current status of the project‚ a roadmap for continued development and an overview of the project status at each participating facility.

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@inproceedings{ZhukovAP2017:OpenXALStatusReport2017, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, title = {Open {XAL} {Status} {Report} 2017}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA093}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Zhukov, A. P. and Allen, C. K. and Shishlo, A. P. and Brown, D. A. and Chao, Y.-C. and Chu, C. P. and Li, Y. and Esteban Müller, J. and Folsom, B. and Laface, E. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Rosati, Claudio and Gillette, P. and Laurent, P. and Lécorché, E. and Normand, Guillaume and List, I. and Pavleski, M. and Lu, X. H. and Muller, J. E.}, year = {2017}, keywords = {openxal}, }

Midttun, O., Levinsen, Y. I., Miyamoto, R., & Plostinar, C. (2017). Benchmarking of the ESS LEBT in TraceWin and IBSimu. IPAC’17, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA013

Citation Key: MidttunO2017:BenchmarkingESSLEBTTraceWinIBSimu

IPAC'17

The modeling of the proton beam in the ESS accelerator starts with a beam distribution as an input to the TraceWin code currently used as the simulation tool. This input is typically a Gaussian distribution‚ a distribution from other codes‚ or data from an emittance measurement. The starting point of these simulations is therefore located somewhere along the low energy beam transport (LEBT) close to the ion source. In this paper‚ we propose to use IBSimu to model the beam extraction from the ion source‚ which provides an input beam distribution to TraceWin. IBSimu is a computer simulation package for ion optics‚ plasma extraction‚ and space charge dominated ion beam transport. We also present a benchmarking of the beam tracking through the LEBT using both these tools‚ and propose a transition interface to handover the beam distribution from IBSimu to TraceWin.

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@inproceedings{MidttunO2017:BenchmarkingESSLEBTTraceWinIBSimu, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, title = {Benchmarking of the {ESS} {LEBT} in {TraceWin} and {IBSimu}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA013}, author = {Midttun, O. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Plostinar, C.}, year = {2017}, }

Lee, Y., Eshraqi, M., Ghatnekar Nilsson, S., Levinsen, Y. I., Miyamoto, R., Molloy, S., Möller, M., Olsson, A., Shea, T. J., Thomas, C. A., & Wilborgsson, M. (2017). Working Concept of 12.5 kW Tuning Dump at ESS. IPAC’17, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA065

Citation Key: LeeY2017:WorkingConcept12.5kWTuningDumpESS

IPAC'17

The linac system at the European Spallation Source (ESS) will deliver 2\textasciitildeGeV protons at 5\textasciitildeMW beam power. The accelerated protons from the linac will be transported to the rotating tungsten target by two bending magnets. A tuning beam dump will be provided at the end of the linac‚ downstream of the first bending magnet. This tuning dump shall be able to handle at least 12.5 kW of beam power. In this paper‚ we present the working concept of the tuning dump. The impact of the proton beam induced material damage on the operational loads and service lifetime of the tuning dump is analysed. A number of particle transport and finite-element simulations are performed for the tuning beam modes.

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@inproceedings{LeeY2017:WorkingConcept12.5kWTuningDumpESS, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, title = {Working {Concept} of 12.5 {kW} {Tuning} {Dump} at {ESS}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA065}, author = {Lee, Y. and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Ghatnekar Nilsson, S. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Molloy, Stephen and Möller, M. and Olsson, A. and Shea, T. J. and Thomas, C. A. and Wilborgsson, M.}, year = {2017}, }

Pedersen, A. L., Anevski, D., Eshraqi, M., & Miyamoto, R. (2017). Distribution and Extreme Loss Analysis in the ESS Linac: A Statistical Perspective. IPAC’17, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA020

Citation Key: PedersenAL2017:DistributionExtremeLossAnalysisESSLinac:StatisticalPerspective

IPAC'17

The report takes a statistical approach in the study of distribution evolution of the proton beam within the ESS linac and reports a new technique of pinpointing the non-linear space-charge effect of the propagating proton beam. By using the test statistic from the nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test the author visualises the change in the normalised distributions by looking at the supremum distance between the cumulative distribution functions in comparison‚ and the propagation of the deviation throughout the ESS linac. This approach identifies changes in the distribution which may cause losses in the linac and highlights the parts where the space-charge has big impact on the beam distribution. Also‚ an Extreme Value Theory approach is adopted in order to quantify the effects of the non linear forces affecting the proton beam distribution.

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@inproceedings{PedersenAL2017:DistributionExtremeLossAnalysisESSLinac:StatisticalPerspective, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, title = {Distribution and {Extreme} {Loss} {Analysis} in the {ESS} {Linac}: {A} {Statistical} {Perspective}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA020}, author = {Pedersen, A. L. and Anevski, D. and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, year = {2017}, }

2016

Levinsen, Y. I. (2016). ESS 2015 Baseline Lattice Error Study (Research Report No. ESS-0049433). http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/cgi-bin/private/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=377

Citation Key: LevinsenYI2016:ESS2015BaselineLatticeErrorStudy

A quick summary of the error study performed on the 2015 baseline beam physics lattice of the ESS linac.

doi

@techreport{LevinsenYI2016:ESS2015BaselineLatticeErrorStudy, type = {research report}, title = {{ESS} 2015 {Baseline} {Lattice} {Error} {Study}}, url = {http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/cgi-bin/private/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=377}, number = {ESS-0049433}, author = {Levinsen, Y. I.}, month = feb, year = {2016}, }

Comunian, M., Bellan, L., Eshraqi, M., Grespan, F., Miyamoto, R., & Pisent, A. (2016). Commissioning Plans for the ESS DTL. 28th Linear Accelerator Conf., 264–266. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-MOPLR059

LINAC'16

abstract

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@inproceedings{comunian2016commissioning, address = {East Lansing, MI, USA}, title = {Commissioning {Plans} for the {ESS} {DTL}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-169-4}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-MOPLR059}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-08-26}, booktitle = {28th {Linear} {Accelerator} {Conf}.}, publisher = {JACOW, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Comunian, Michele and Bellan, Luca and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Grespan, Francesco and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Pisent, Andrea}, month = sep, year = {2016}, pages = {264--266}, }

De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Karlsson, A., Levinsen, Y., & Miyamoto, R. (2016). Integration of Interfaces and Stabilization System in the Design of a Drift Tube Linac. 294–297. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-MOPLR070

LINAC2016

LINAC

Making an accurate RF design of any accelerating structure is fundamental to ensure that electromagnetic and beam dynamics requirements will be achieved. This is essential for the most complicated accelerating structures like the drift tube linac: in this case a meticulous design facilitates the RF commissioning too. In this paper the influence of the interfaces and of the field stabilization system on the RF design is analyzed and an advanced design methodology to mitigate field degradation is presented.

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@inproceedings{de_prisco_integration_2016, address = {East Lansing, USA}, title = {Integration of {Interfaces} and {Stabilization} {System} in the {Design} of a {Drift} {Tube} {Linac}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-169-4}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-MOPLR070}, urldate = {2018-06-10}, publisher = {JACOW, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {De Prisco, Renato and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Karlsson, Anders and Levinsen, Yngve and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, month = sep, year = {2016}, pages = {294--297}, }

De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Karlsson, A., Levinsen, Y., & Miyamoto, R. (2016). Implication of Manufacturing Errors on the Layout of Stabilization System and on the Field Quality in a Drift Tube Linac - RF DTL Error Study. 290–293. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-MOPLR069

LINAC2016

LINAC

The field flatness and the layout of the stabilization system in a drift tube linac are strongly dependent on the manufacturing errors that affect the local resonant frequency. In this paper a methodology is presented to study‚ firstly‚ the sensitivity of the resonant frequency and of the field flatness to each geometrical parameter of the drift tubes; then a set of tolerances for each parameter is found and a stabilization system layout is defined in order to keep the field flatness within an acceptable limit.

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@inproceedings{de_prisco_implication_2016, address = {East Lansing, MI, USA}, title = {Implication of {Manufacturing} {Errors} on the {Layout} of {Stabilization} {System} and on the {Field} {Quality} in a {Drift} {Tube} {Linac} - {RF} {DTL} {Error} {Study}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-169-4}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-LINAC2016-MOPLR069}, language = {en}, urldate = {2018-06-06}, publisher = {JACOW, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {De Prisco, Renato and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Karlsson, Anders and Levinsen, Yngve and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, month = sep, year = {2016}, pages = {290--293}, }

Ponton, A., Levinsen, Y. I., Sargsyan, E., France, A. C., Piquet, O., & Pottin, B. (2016, June). Voltage Error Studies in the ESS RFQ. IPAC’16. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-THPMB039

Citation Key: PontonA2016:VoltageErrorStudiesESSRFQ

During the fabrication of an RFQ‚ deviation from the perfect geometry will occur during assembling‚ brazing and machining the different parts. These geometrical defects will impact the theoretical inter-vane voltage‚ given by the beam dynamics‚ by altering the quadrupolar component as well as adding dipolar terms in the voltage function. Tuners can correct partially the effect of the manufacturing. The study summarizes the effects of the voltage errors on the beam quality in the case of the ESS RFQ with a harmonic analysis of the voltage function. We discuss the acceptable level of voltage errors and associated mechanical tolerances.

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@inproceedings{PontonA2016:VoltageErrorStudiesESSRFQ, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {Voltage {Error} {Studies} in the {ESS} {RFQ}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-THPMB039}, booktitle = {{IPAC}'16}, author = {Ponton, A. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Sargsyan, E. and France, A. C. and Piquet, O. and Pottin, B.}, month = jun, year = {2016}, }

Laface, E., Levinsen, Y. I., List, I., & II, T. A. P. (2016, June). Comparing RF-Cavity Phase-Scan Simulations in the ESS Linac Simulator with Measurements Taken in the Spallation Neutron Source Coupled-Cavity Linac. IPAC’16, Busan, South Korea. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-THPMB038

Citation Key: LafaceE2016:ComparingRF-CavityPhase-ScanSimulationsESSLinacSimulatorMeasurementsTakenSpallationNeutronSourceCoupled-CavityLinac

IPAC'16

The ESS Linac Simulator (ELS) is the model that will be used at the European Spallation Source ERIC in Lund‚ Sweden‚ to simulate the transport of the beam envelope for the operations. During the machine restart in August 2015 at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oak Ridge‚ USA‚ we were able to perform the first benchmarking studies of the ELS. In this paper‚ we present the results of the phase-scans performed in four RF cavities of the coupled-cavity linac at SNS compared with the same scans simulated in the ELS. The phase of the cavity was modified while the phase of the beam was recorded in two BPMs downstream from the cavity. This measurement was repeated for four independent cavities and the results are compared here with the model‚ which favourably reproduces the BPM response to the cavity scans.

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@inproceedings{LafaceE2016:ComparingRF-CavityPhase-ScanSimulationsESSLinacSimulatorMeasurementsTakenSpallationNeutronSourceCoupled-CavityLinac, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {Comparing {RF}-{Cavity} {Phase}-{Scan} {Simulations} in the {ESS} {Linac} {Simulator} with {Measurements} {Taken} in the {Spallation} {Neutron} {Source} {Coupled}-{Cavity} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-THPMB038}, author = {Laface, E. and Levinsen, Y. I. and List, I. and II, T. A. Pelaia}, month = jun, year = {2016}, keywords = {openxal}, }

Laface, E., Levinsen, Y. I., & II, T. A. P. (2016, June). Comparing the Transverse Dynamics of the ESS Linac Simulator and the Spallation Neutron Source Linac. IPAC’16, Busan, South Korea. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-THPMB037

Citation Key: LafaceE2016:ComparingTransverseDynamicsESSLinacSimulatorSpallationNeutronSourceLinac

IPAC'16

The ESS Linac Simulator (ELS) is the model that will be used at the European Spallation Source ERIC in Lund‚ Sweden‚ to simulate the transport of the beam envelope during operations. On August 12th 2015‚ we had the opportunity to use two hours of beam time in the linac of the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge to benchmark ELS. In this paper we present the results of the transverse dynamics measurements. Such measurements are obtained upon kicking the beam in the medium-energy beam transport (MEBT) and measuring the effect of the oscillation of the beam centroid in 58 beam position monitors (BPMs). The ELS model and these measurements are in agreement with an average discrepancy of 4% in the superconducting section of the accelerator.

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@inproceedings{LafaceE2016:ComparingTransverseDynamicsESSLinacSimulatorSpallationNeutronSourceLinac, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {Comparing the {Transverse} {Dynamics} of the {ESS} {Linac} {Simulator} and the {Spallation} {Neutron} {Source} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-THPMB037}, author = {Laface, E. and Levinsen, Y. I. and II, T. A. Pelaia}, month = jun, year = {2016}, keywords = {openxal}, }

Levinsen, Y. I., Eshraqi, M., Celona, L., & Neri, L. (2016, June). In-depth Analysis and Optimization of the European Spallation Source Front End Lattice. IPAC’16, Busan, South Korea. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-TUPMR020

Citation Key: LevinsenYI2016:In-depthAnalysisOptimizationEuropeanSpallationSourceFrontEndLattice

IPAC'16

The European Spallation Source front end will deliver a 62.5 mA beam current of 2.8 ms duration at 352 MHz to the downstream linac‚ which in turn will produce a 5 MW proton beam onto the target. Such unprecedented beam power requires a high quality beam with accurate and stable beam parameters in order to assure low beam losses and safe transport through the linac. In this paper we present advanced tuning methods for the low energy beam transport and the radio frequency quadrupole.

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doi

@inproceedings{LevinsenYI2016:In-depthAnalysisOptimizationEuropeanSpallationSourceFrontEndLattice, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {In-depth {Analysis} and {Optimization} of the {European} {Spallation} {Source} {Front} {End} {Lattice}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-TUPMR020}, author = {Levinsen, Y. I. and Eshraqi, M. and Celona, L. and Neri, L.}, month = jun, year = {2016}, }

Jansson, A., Eshraqi, M., & Molloy, S. (2016, June). Beam Diagnostics for ESS Commissioning and Early Operation. IPAC’16, Busan, South Korea. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-MOPMR020

Citation Key: JanssonA2016:BeamDiagnosticsESSCommissioningEarlyOperation

IPAC'16

The ESS linac design has evolved over time and is now quite stable. Recently‚ there has been a focused effort on developing more detailed installation and commissioning plan‚ and related to this‚ the plans for diagnostics has also been reviewed. This paper presents the updated diagnos-tics suite. Many of diagnostics systems will be developed by in-kind partners across Europe.

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doi

@inproceedings{JanssonA2016:BeamDiagnosticsESSCommissioningEarlyOperation, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {Beam {Diagnostics} for {ESS} {Commissioning} and {Early} {Operation}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-MOPMR020}, author = {Jansson, A. and Eshraqi, M. and Molloy, S.}, month = jun, year = {2016}, }

Lindroos, M., Danared, H., Eshraqi, M., Garoby, R., Jansson, A., Levinsen, Y. I., Martins, C. A., & Ponton, A. (2016, June). ESS Progressing into Construction. IPAC’16, Busan, South Korea. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-FRYAA02

Citation Key: LindroosM2016:ESSProgressingConstruction

IPAC'16

The construction of the European Spallation Source‚ ESS‚ started in summer 2014. At the site in Lund‚ the accelerator tunnel will be completed at the time of IPAC16‚ while prototyping and manufacturing or prepara-tions for manpower contributions are going on in more 23 laboratories distributed over the 12 European countries collaborating on the accelerator project. Major technical milestones have been reached include the testing of su-perconducting cavity prototypes of two families to values above design gradients‚ the first ESS modulator has been tested to 90 kV and the first klystron prototype has been received in April 2016. Equally important developments are taking place at many partner laboratories. The presen-tation will summarize the status of the ESS accelerator project by the time of IPAC16.

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doi

@inproceedings{LindroosM2016:ESSProgressingConstruction, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {{ESS} {Progressing} into {Construction}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-FRYAA02}, author = {Lindroos, M. and Danared, H. and Eshraqi, M. and Garoby, R. and Jansson, A. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Martins, C. A. and Ponton, A.}, month = jun, year = {2016}, }

Zeng, R., & Troeng, O. (2016). Investigation to Improve Efficiency and Availability in Control and Operation of Superconducting Cavity at ESS. In E. Mohammad, T. Garry, & S. RW Volker (Eds.), Proceedings of the 57th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on High-Intensity and High-Brightness Hadron Beams (p. 6 pages, 0.579 MB). https://doi.org/10.18429/jacow-hb2016-tham4x01

HB2016

The higher efficiency and higher availability (fault-tolerant oriented) of RF&Cavity system (with beam loading) to operate at‚ the more dynamic details needs to be identified‚ so as to have the abilities (a) to work at nonlinearities‚ (b) to work close to limitation‚ and (c) to change operation point quickly and correctly. Dynamic detail identifications rely heavily on high precision measuring and characterizing basic cavity parameters (Ql‚ R/Q‚ dynamic detuning‚ phase and amplitude) and system behaviours under beam-RF-cavity interactions. It is especially challenging to characterize these dynamics under varying operating points or environment. Advanced technologies in LLRF and ICS providing real time/online characterizing will be the key enablers for addressing such challenges. However‚ to be successful‚ the deployment of these technologies must be embedded within local conditions taking into account available resources‚ existing hardware/software structures and operation modes. Several improvement approaches will be introduced. For example‚ 15% or more energy efficiency improvement at ESS will be obtained by reduction of power overhead and optimization of operation.

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doi

@inproceedings{zeng2016investigation, title = {Investigation to {Improve} {Efficiency} and {Availability} in {Control} and {Operation} of {Superconducting} {Cavity} at {ESS}}, copyright = {CC 3.0}, doi = {10.18429/jacow-hb2016-tham4x01}, language = {en-us}, urldate = {2019-08-29}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th {ICFA} {Advanced} {Beam} {Dynamics} {Workshop} on {High}-{Intensity} and {High}-{Brightness} {Hadron} {Beams}}, author = {Zeng, Rihua and Troeng, Olof}, editor = {Mohammad, Eshraqi and Garry, Trahern and RW, Volker, Schaa}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Accelerator Physics, Commissioning and Operations}, pages = {6 pages, 0.579 MB}, }

List, I., Levinsen, Y. I., & Laface, E. (2016). Review of Existing Open XAL Applications (Technical Report No. ESS-0048774). https://chess.esss.lu.se/enovia/link/ESS-0048774/21308.51166.35584.28735/valid

Citation Key: List2016ReviewXalExisting

In this document we review the existing applications in Open XAL and discuss to which extent they can be reused at ESS.

doi

@techreport{List2016ReviewXalExisting, type = {technical report}, title = {Review of {Existing} {Open} {XAL} {Applications}}, url = {https://chess.esss.lu.se/enovia/link/ESS-0048774/21308.51166.35584.28735/valid}, number = {ESS-0048774}, author = {List, I. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Laface, E.}, year = {2016}, keywords = {openxal}, }

Eshraqi, M., Danared, H., De Prisco, R., Jansson, A., Levinsen, Y. I., Lindroos, M., Miyamoto, R., Munoz, M., & Ponton, A. (2016). ESS Linac Beam Physics Design Update. MOPOY045. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-MOPOY045

Citation Key: EshraqiM2016:ESSLinacBeamPhysicsDesignUpdate

IPAC'16

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doi

@inproceedings{EshraqiM2016:ESSLinacBeamPhysicsDesignUpdate, address = {Busan, South Korea}, title = {{ESS} {Linac} {Beam} {Physics} {Design} {Update}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-MOPOY045}, author = {Eshraqi, M. and Danared, H. and De Prisco, R. and Jansson, A. and Levinsen, Y. I. and Lindroos, M. and Miyamoto, R. and Munoz, M. and Ponton, A.}, year = {2016}, pages = {MOPOY045}, }

Levinsen, Y. I. (2016). Beam Dynamics Challenges in the ESS Linac. 315–318. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-HB2016-TUAM3Y01

Citation Key: LevinsenYI2016:BeamDynamicsChallengesESSLinac

HB2016

The European Spallation Source will be the worlds brightest neutron source. It will be driven by a 5 MW proton linac that delivers a 2.86 ms pulse at 14 Hz‚ which means the peak beam power is 125 MW. This requires a careful design of the lattice structures in order to allow for safe and reliable operation of the accelerator. We will discuss some of the design choices and some of the particular challenges that were faced during the design of the ESS lattice.

doi

@inproceedings{LevinsenYI2016:BeamDynamicsChallengesESSLinac, address = {Malmö, Sweden}, series = {{ICFA} {Advanced} {Beam} {Dynamics} {Workshop} on {High}-{Intensity} and {High}-{Brightness} {Hadron} {Beams}}, title = {Beam {Dynamics} {Challenges} in the {ESS} {Linac}}, isbn = {978-3-95450-185-4}, url = {http://jacow.org/hb2016/papers/tuam3y01.pdf}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-HB2016-TUAM3Y01}, publisher = {JACoW}, author = {Levinsen, Y.I.}, year = {2016}, pages = {315--318}, }

Zeng, R., & Troeng, O. (2016). Transient Beam Loading Based Calibration for Cavity Phase and Amplitude Setting. In E. Mohammad, T. Garry, & S. RW Volker (Eds.), Proceedings of the 57th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on High-Intensity and High-Brightness Hadron Beams (p. 4 pages, 0.239 MB). https://doi.org/10.18429/jacow-hb2016-mopl025

HB2016

Traditional phase scan method for cavity phase and amplitude setting is offline and hard to track the variations of environment and operation points. An alternative beam loading based calibration method is investigated in this paper‚ which might become useful online/real time calibration method.

pdf

doi

@inproceedings{zeng2016transient, title = {Transient {Beam} {Loading} {Based} {Calibration} for {Cavity} {Phase} and {Amplitude} {Setting}}, copyright = {CC 3.0}, doi = {10.18429/jacow-hb2016-mopl025}, language = {en-us}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th {ICFA} {Advanced} {Beam} {Dynamics} {Workshop} on {High}-{Intensity} and {High}-{Brightness} {Hadron} {Beams}}, author = {Zeng, Rihua and Troeng, Olof}, editor = {Mohammad, Eshraqi and Garry, Trahern and RW, Volker, Schaa}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Accelerator Physics, Commissioning and Operations}, pages = {4 pages, 0.239 MB}, }

2015

Levinsen, Y. I., Danared, H., De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Miyamoto, R., Muñoz, M., Møller, S., Ponton, A., Sargsyan, E., & Thomsen, H. (2015). European Spallation Source Lattice Design Status. Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference, THPF092. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF092

Citation Key: Levinsen2015:EuropeanSpallationSourceLatticeDesignStatus

IPAC'15

The European Spallation Source will offer an unprecedented beam power for spallation sources of 5 MW. The accelerator will deliver a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current and 2.0 GeV onto the spallation target. Since the technical design report (TDR) was published in 2013‚ work has continued to further optimize the accelerator design. We report on the advancements in lattice design optimizations after the TDR to improve performance and flexibility‚ and reduce cost of the ESS accelerator.

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doi

@inproceedings{Levinsen2015:EuropeanSpallationSourceLatticeDesignStatus, address = {Richmond, USA}, title = {European {Spallation} {Source} {Lattice} {Design} {Status}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF092}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Levinsen, Y. I. and Danared, Håkan and De Prisco, Renato and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Muñoz, Marc and Møller, Søren and Ponton, Aurélien and Sargsyan, Edgar and Thomsen, Heine}, month = jun, year = {2015}, keywords = {DTL, lattice, linac, quadrupole, target}, pages = {THPF092}, }

Munoz, M., & Levinsen, Y. I. (2015). Evaluation of OpenXAL (Technical Report No. ESS-0017729). https://chess.esss.lu.se/enovia/link/ESS-0017729/21308.51166.60928.13621/valid

This document summarizes the conclusions for the OpenXAL evaluation carried out by the Beam Physics group.

doi

@techreport{munoz2015evaluation, type = {technical report}, title = {Evaluation of {OpenXAL}}, url = {https://chess.esss.lu.se/enovia/link/ESS-0017729/21308.51166.60928.13621/valid}, number = {ESS-0017729}, author = {Munoz, Marc and Levinsen, Yngve Inntjore}, month = may, year = {2015}, }

De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Karlsson, A., Levinsen, Y., Miyamoto, R., & Sargsyan, E. (2015). Effect of the Field Maps on the Beam Dynamics of the ESS Drift Tube Linac. In Henderson, Stuart (Ed.), Akers, Evelyn (Ed.), Satogata, Todd (Ed.), & Schaa, Volker R.W. (Ed.) (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF078

IPAC'15

In the beam dynamic design and modelling of the European Spallation Source (ESS) Drift Tube Linac (DTL) simplified models have been used for the focusing and accelerating structures. Since the high current requires precise control of the beam to minimise the losses it is useful to analyse the beam dynamics by using accurate field maps of the focusing and accelerating structures. In this paper the effects of the 3D-field maps on the beam dynamics of the ESS DTL are presented.

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doi

@inproceedings{de_prisco_effect_2015, address = {Richmond, VA, USA}, title = {Effect of the {Field} {Maps} on the {Beam} {Dynamics} of the {ESS} {Drift} {Tube} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF078}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {De Prisco, Renato and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Karlsson, Anders and Levinsen, Yngve and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Sargsyan, Edgar}, editor = {{Henderson, Stuart (Ed.)} and {Akers, Evelyn (Ed.)} and {Satogata, Todd (Ed.)} and {Schaa, Volker R.W. (Ed.)}}, year = {2015}, keywords = {DTL, ESS}, }

Miyamoto, R. (2015). A Steering Study for the ESS Normal Condcting Linac. Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference. IPAC’15, Richmond, USA. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-MOPJE032

Citation Key: MiyamotoR2015:SteeringStudyESSNormalCondctingLinac

IPAC'15

Construction of the European Spallation Source is rapidly progressing in Lund‚ Sweden‚ and preparations for com- missioning of its proton linac has been underway for some time now. Accurate adjustment of accelerator components to achieve ideal beam parameters is the key to maximizing performance and safe operation for any machine. This paper presents a study of beam steering for the normal conducting part of the proton linac of ESS.

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doi

@inproceedings{MiyamotoR2015:SteeringStudyESSNormalCondctingLinac, address = {Richmond, USA}, title = {A {Steering} {Study} for the {ESS} {Normal} {Condcting} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-MOPJE032}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, year = {2015}, }

Lari, L., Eshraqi, M., Esposito, L. S., Mereghetti, A., Cerutti, F., & Tchelidze, L. (2015). FLUKA Modeling of the ESS Accelerator. Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference, MOPJE058. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-MOPJE058

Citation Key: LariL2015:FLUKAModelingESSAccelerator

IPAC'15

In order to evaluate the energy deposition and radiation issues concerning the ESS accelerator‚ a FLUKA model of the machine has been created. The geometry of the superconducting beam line is built according to the machine optics‚ described in the TraceWin file and the CATIA drawings of the beam elements‚ using the LineBuilder tool developed at CERN. The objective is to create a flexible FLUKA model that is able to be adapted to the optimization of the optics‚ design modifications and machine integration constraints. Preliminary results are also presented.

doi

@inproceedings{LariL2015:FLUKAModelingESSAccelerator, address = {Richmond, Virginia, USA}, title = {{FLUKA} {Modeling} of the {ESS} {Accelerator}}, url = {https://inspirehep.net/record/1417298}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-MOPJE058}, urldate = {2016-03-31}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Lari, Luisella and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Esposito, Luigi Salvatore and Mereghetti, Alessio and Cerutti, Francesco and Tchelidze, Lali}, year = {2015}, pages = {MOPJE058}, }

Eshraqi, M., de Prisco, R., Miyamoto, R., & Levinsen, Y. I. (2015). Preliminary Study of the Possible Failure Modes of the Components of the ESS Linac (Research Report No. ESS/AD/0057). European Spallation Source ERIC. http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/DocDB/0003/000368/003/ESS-0031413-2.pdf

Citation Key: EshraqiM2015:PreliminaryStudyPossibleFailureModesComponentsESSLinac

In the following we report on the study of the failure of a single component‚ either RF cavity or quadrupole. For now it is assumed that the field in the element drops to zero instantly and makes it completely un-functional‚ even destructive to the beam‚ while the other elements are unchanged.

doi

@techreport{EshraqiM2015:PreliminaryStudyPossibleFailureModesComponentsESSLinac, type = {research report}, title = {Preliminary {Study} of the {Possible} {Failure} {Modes} of the {Components} of the {ESS} {Linac}}, url = {http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/DocDB/0003/000368/003/ESS-0031413-2.pdf}, number = {ESS/AD/0057}, institution = {European Spallation Source ERIC}, author = {Eshraqi, M. and de Prisco, R. and Miyamoto, R. and Levinsen, Y. I.}, year = {2015}, }

2014

Wildner, E., Dracos, M., Jonnerby, J., Vassilopoulos, N., Koutchouk, J. P., Ruber, R., Schönauer, H., Eshraqi, M., Lindroos, M., Martini, M., Bouquerel, E., Ekelöf, T., & McGinnis, D. (2014). The accumulator of the ESSNUSB for Neutrino production. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1742125

Citation Key: WildnerE2014:accumulatorESSNUSBNeutrinoproduction

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a research centre based on the world’s most powerful neutron source currently under construction in Lund‚ Sweden‚ using 2.0 GeV‚ 2.86 ms long proton pulses at 14 Hz for the spallation facility (5MW on target). The possibility to pulse the linac at higher frequency to deliver‚ in parallel with the spallation neutron production‚ a very intense‚ cost effective‚ high performance neutrino beam. The high current in the horns of the target system for the neutrino production requires proton pulses far shorter than the linac pulse. Therefore an accumulator ring is required after the linac to produce the shorter pulses. Charge exchange injection of an H− beam from the linac would be used. The Linac would deliver 1.1 1015 protons per pulse. Due to space charge limits‚ several rings or one ring re-filled several times during the neutrino cycle are necessary.

doi

@techreport{WildnerE2014:accumulatorESSNUSBNeutrinoproduction, title = {The accumulator of the {ESSNUSB} for {Neutrino} production}, url = {https://cds.cern.ch/record/1742125}, urldate = {2016-03-31}, author = {Wildner, E. and Dracos, M. and Jonnerby, J. and Vassilopoulos, N. and Koutchouk, J. P. and Ruber, R. and Schönauer, H. and Eshraqi, M. and Lindroos, M. and Martini, M. and Bouquerel, E. and Ekelöf, T. and McGinnis, D.}, month = jun, year = {2014}, }

Eshraqi, M., Danared, H., De Prisco, R., Lindroos, M., McGinnis, D., Miyamoto, R., Muñoz, M., Ponton, A., Sargsyan, E., Bustinduy, I., Celona, L., Comunian, M., Grespan, F., Møller, S., & Thomsen, H. (2014). The ESS Linac. Proceedings of the 5th International Particle Accelerator Conference, THPME043. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME043

Citation Key Alias: EshraqiM2014:ESSLinac

IPAC'14

The European Spallation Source‚ ESS‚ uses a linear accelerator to bombard the tungsten target with the high intensity protons beam for producing intense beams of neutrons. The nominal average beam power of the linac is 5\textasciitildeMW with a peak beam power at target of 125\textasciitildeMW. During last year the ESS linac was costed‚ and to meet the budget a few modifications were introduced to the linac design. One of the major changes is the reduction of final energy from 2.5\textasciitildeGeV to 2.0\textasciitildeGeV and therefore beam current was increased accordingly to compensate for the lower final energy. As a result the linac is designed to meet the cost objective by taking a higher risk. This paper focuses on the driving forces behind the new design‚ engineering and beam dynamics requirements of the design and finally on the beam dynamics performance of the linac.

pdf

doi

@inproceedings{eshraqi2014ess, address = {Dresden, Germany}, title = {The {ESS} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME043}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Eshraqi, Mohammad and Danared, Håkan and De Prisco, Renato and Lindroos, Mats and McGinnis, David and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Muñoz, Marc and Ponton, Aurélien and Sargsyan, Edgar and Bustinduy, Ibon and Celona, Luigi and Comunian, Michele and Grespan, Francesco and Møller, Søren and Thomsen, Heine}, month = jul, year = {2014}, note = {Citation Key Alias: EshraqiM2014:ESSLinac}, keywords = {linac, proton, quadrupole, rfq, target}, pages = {THPME043}, }

Miyamoto, R., Bustinduy, I., Cheymol, B., & Eshraqi, M. (2014). Beam Physics Design of the ESS Medium Energy Beam Transport. Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2014-THPME045

tex.ids= MiyamotoR2014:BeamPhysicsDesignESSMediumEnergyBeamTransport artworkSize: 3 pages, 0.666 MB medium: PDF

A radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and drift tube linac (DTL) in the proton linac of ESS are connected with a medium energy beam transport (MEBT). The MEBT removes low quality bunches in the head and tail of a macropulse with a chopper and houses diagnostic devices to characterize and adjust the beam out of the RFQ for the DTL. These must be achieved within a relatively short space and without signiﬁcant degradation of beam quality due to the spacecharge force‚ imposing a challenge on its lattice design. This paper presents a beam physics design of the MEBT in the ESS Linac‚ which satisﬁes its requirement while preserving a decent beam quality.

doi

@inproceedings{miyamoto2014beam, title = {Beam {Physics} {Design} of the {ESS} {Medium} {Energy} {Beam} {Transport}}, volume = {IPAC2014}, copyright = {CC 3.0}, isbn = {978-3-95450-132-8}, url = {http://jacow.org/IPAC2014/doi/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME045.html}, doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2014-THPME045}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-10-20}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {Int}. {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conf}.}, publisher = {JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Bustinduy, Ibon and Cheymol, Benjamin and Eshraqi, Mohammad}, collaborator = {Christine (Ed.), Petit-Jean-Genaz and Gianluigi (Ed.), Arduini and Peter (Ed.), Michel and RW (Ed.), Volker, Schaa}, year = {2014}, note = {tex.ids= MiyamotoR2014:BeamPhysicsDesignESSMediumEnergyBeamTransport artworkSize: 3 pages, 0.666 MB medium: PDF}, keywords = {04 Hadron Accelerators, A08 Linear Accelerators, Accelerator Physics, ESS, mebt}, }

Miyamoto, R., Cheymol, B., De Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Ponton, A., Sargsyan, E., & Bustinduy, I. (2014). Dynamics of Bunches Partially Chopped with the MEBT Chopper in the ESS Linac. MOPP039. http://jacow.org/LINAC2014/papers/mopp039.pdf

LINAC2014

LINAC

The front-end of a hadron linac typically has a transient time during turning on and off and bunches in the head and tail of a pulse from this period likely have wrong parameters and a risk to cause beam losses. A risk of losses must be avoided as possible in a high power machine so these bunches are removed with deflectors called choppers in the ESS Linac. From experiences of other machines‚ a rise time of a chopper as fast as one RF period (2.84 ns for ESS) is challenging to achieve and not necessarily needed with no ring to inject like ESS‚ and hence a 10 ns rise time is planned for a chopper in the medium energy beam transport of ESS. This‚ however‚ means that several bunches receive intermediate deflections and may propagate with large trajectory excursions. This paper studies dynamics of such partially chopped bunches in detail to ensure no significant loss is caused by them.

doi

@inproceedings{miyamoto2014dynamics, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, title = {Dynamics of {Bunches} {Partially} {Chopped} with the {MEBT} {Chopper} in the {ESS} {Linac}}, url = {http://jacow.org/LINAC2014/papers/mopp039.pdf}, author = {Miyamoto, R. and Cheymol, B. and De Prisco, R. and Eshraqi, M. and Ponton, A. and Sargsyan, E. and Bustinduy, I.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {DTL, lattice, linac, quadrupole, simulation}, pages = {MOPP039}, }

de Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Miyamoto, R., Sargsyan, E., & Karlsson, A. (2014). Error Study on the Normal Conducting ESS Linac. LINAC2014, Switzerland. http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/thpp042.pdf

Citation Key: dePriscoR2014:ErrorStudyNormalConductingESSLinac

LINAC2014

LINAC

One of the preliminary‚ but important test to evaluate the robustness of the accelerator design is performing the statistical error study by introducing realistic tolerances on the machine components. In this paper the guidelines to define the tolerances and the correction system are summarized in order to validate the design. Firstly statistical studies have been performed in order to define the sensitivity to single errors and to fix the tolerances. Then all errors‚ within the previous defined tolerances‚ are applied with the correction system to evaluate the beam quality and to check if the system guarantees a radiologically safe operation.

doi

@inproceedings{dePriscoR2014:ErrorStudyNormalConductingESSLinac, address = {Switzerland}, title = {Error {Study} on the {Normal} {Conducting} {ESS} {Linac}}, url = {http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/thpp042.pdf}, author = {de Prisco, R. and Eshraqi, M. and Miyamoto, R. and Sargsyan, E. and Karlsson, A.}, year = {2014}, }

Eshraqi, M. (2014). Cost Optimized Design of High Power Linacs. LINAC2014, Switzerland. http://jacow.org/LINAC2014/papers/thioa01.pdf

Citation Key: EshraqiM2014:CostOptimizedDesignHighPowerLinacs

LINAC2014

LINAC

The research accelerators are growing in energy and power which translates to an increase in their cost‚ and also size when the conventional acceleration techniques are used. On the other hand‚ handling megawatts of power requires a design that is robust and respects the known criteria in beam physics to avoid losses in excess of one part in a million. Traditionally cost increases with power and quality of the accelerator and beam. In this paper‚ using the ESS linac as an example‚ this tradition is challenged and ways to reduce the cost while neither quality nor power is compromised are presented.

doi

@inproceedings{EshraqiM2014:CostOptimizedDesignHighPowerLinacs, address = {Switzerland}, title = {Cost {Optimized} {Design} of {High} {Power} {Linacs}}, url = {http://jacow.org/LINAC2014/papers/thioa01.pdf}, author = {Eshraqi, M.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ESS}, }

Bustinduy, I., Munoz, J. L., Fernandez-Canoto, D., Gonzalez, O., Varnasseri, S., Ghiglino, A., Vivanco, R., Sordo, F., Magan, M., Gonzalez, P., Garmendia, N., Muguira, L., Izaola, Z., Madariaga, I., Rueda, I., Ponton, A., Miyamoto, R., & Eshraqi, M. (2014). Progress on ESS Medium Energy Beam Transport. LINAC2014, Switzerland. http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/tupp025.pdf

Citation Key: BustinduyI2014:ProgressESSMediumEnergyBeamTransport

LINAC2014

LINAC

The considered versatile ESS MEBT is being designed to achieve four main goals: First‚ to contain a fast chopper and its correspondent beam dump‚ that could serve in the commissioning as well as in the ramp up phases. Second‚ to serve as a halo scraping section by means of various adjustable blades. Third‚ to measure the beam phase and profile between the RFQ and the DTL‚ along with other beam monitors. And finally‚ to match the RFQ output beam characteristics to the DTL input both transversally and longitudinally. For this purpose a set of eleven quadrupoles is used to match the beam characteristics transversally‚ combined with three 352.2 MHz CCL type buncher cavities‚ which are used to adjust the beam in order to fulfil the required longitudinal parameters. A thorough study on the optimal input beam parameters will be discussed. Quadrupole design update will be presented along with new RF measurements over the buncher prototype. Finally‚ updated results will be presented on the chopper and beam-dump system.

doi

@inproceedings{BustinduyI2014:ProgressESSMediumEnergyBeamTransport, address = {Switzerland}, title = {Progress on {ESS} {Medium} {Energy} {Beam} {Transport}}, url = {http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/tupp025.pdf}, author = {Bustinduy, I. and Munoz, J. L. and Fernandez-Canoto, D. and Gonzalez, O. and Varnasseri, S. and Ghiglino, A. and Vivanco, R. and Sordo, F. and Magan, M. and Gonzalez, P. and Garmendia, N. and Muguira, L. and Izaola, Z. and Madariaga, I. and Rueda, I. and Ponton, A. and Miyamoto, R. and Eshraqi, M.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ESS, ess\_mebt}, }

Ponton, A., Cheymol, B., Eshraqi, M., Miyamoto, R., de Prisco, R., Sargsyan, E., Bourdelle, G., Desmons, M., France, A., Piquet, O., Pottin, B., Sellami, N., Bustinduy, I., Gonzalez, P., Munoz, J. L., Rueda, I., Sordo, F., Celona, L., Gammino, S., … Mereu, P. (2014). ESS Normal Conducting Linac Status and Plans. LINAC2014, Switzerland. http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/thpp044.pdf

Citation Key: PontonA2014:ESSNormalConductingLinacStatusPlans

LINAC2014

LINAC

Efficient and low loss beam acceleration in the European Spallation Source (ESS) linear accelerator (linac) gives rise to specific technical challenges in the normal conducting (nc) section. The nc linac creates high current proton beams‚ produces the macro and micro structures (formation of the pulse and bunches respectively) of the beam and accelerates the latter up to 90 MeV before injection in the superconducting (sc) linac. Design and construction of the different components of the nc linac are part of a broad collaboration involving experts of various labs in Europe. Beam commissioning of the warm linac in the ESS tunnel is foreseen at the beginning of 2019.

doi

@inproceedings{PontonA2014:ESSNormalConductingLinacStatusPlans, address = {Switzerland}, title = {{ESS} {Normal} {Conducting} {Linac} {Status} and {Plans}}, url = {http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/thpp044.pdf}, author = {Ponton, A. and Cheymol, B. and Eshraqi, M. and Miyamoto, R. and de Prisco, R. and Sargsyan, E. and Bourdelle, G. and Desmons, M. and France, A. and Piquet, O. and Pottin, B. and Sellami, N. and Bustinduy, I. and Gonzalez, P. and Munoz, J. L. and Rueda, I. and Sordo, F. and Celona, L. and Gammino, S. and Neri, L. and Comunian, M. and Grespan, F. and Pisent, A. and Roncolato, C. and Mereu, P.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ESS, ESS\_DTL, ess\_mebt}, }

de Prisco, R., Eshraqi, M., Comunian, M., Grespan, F., Pisent, A., & Karlsson, A. (2014). ESS DTL Status: Redesign and Optimizations. Proceedings of the 5th International Particle Accelerator Conference. IPAC’14, Dresden, Germany. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME041

Citation Key: dePriscoR2014:ESSDTLStatus:RedesignOptimizations

IPAC'14

The European Spallation Source (ESS) uses a linear accelerator to deliver the high intensity proton beam to the target station. The average beam power is 5 MW with a peak beam power at target of 125 MW. In 2013 the ESS linac was costed and to meet the budget some modifications were introduced: the final energy was decreased from 2.5 GeV to 2.0 GeV and the beam current was increased from 50 mA to 62.5 mA to keep the same beam power. As a consequence the ESS Drift Tube Linac‚ DTL‚ has been re-designed to match the new requirements. This paper presents the main Radio Frequency (RF) and beam dynamics choices for the ESS DTL.

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doi

@inproceedings{dePriscoR2014:ESSDTLStatus:RedesignOptimizations, address = {Dresden, Germany}, title = {{ESS} {DTL} {Status}: {Redesign} and {Optimizations}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME041}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {de Prisco, R. and Eshraqi, M. and Comunian, M. and Grespan, F. and Pisent, A. and Karlsson, Anders}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ESS, ESS\_DTL}, }

Eshraqi, M., de Prisco, R., Miyamoto, R., Sargsyan, E., & Thomsen, H. D. (2014). Statistical Error Studies in the ESS Linac. Proceedings of the 5th International Particle Accelerator Conference, THPME044. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME044

Citation Key: EshraqiM2014:StatisticalErrorStudiesESSLinac

IPAC'14

Following the completion of the latest layout of the ESS linac statistical error studies have been performed to define the field vector quality and alignment tolerances. Based on these tolerances and error study results a scheme for the correction system is proposed that assures low losses and permits hands-on maintenance. This paper reports on the strategy of simulating and performing the error studies as well as setting the tolerances.

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doi

@inproceedings{EshraqiM2014:StatisticalErrorStudiesESSLinac, address = {Dresden, Germany}, title = {Statistical {Error} {Studies} in the {ESS} {Linac}}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME044}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Eshraqi, M. and de Prisco, R. and Miyamoto, R. and Sargsyan, E. and Thomsen, H. D.}, year = {2014}, pages = {THPME044}, }

Darve, C., Eshraqi, M., McGinnis, D., Molloy, S., & Tanke, E. (2014). Requirements for ESS Superconducting Radio Frequency Linac. Proceedings of the 5th International Particle Accelerator Conference. IPAC’14, Dresden, Germany. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME039

Citation Key: DarveC2014:RequirementsESSSuperconductingRadioFrequencyLinac

IPAC'14

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a pan-European project. It will be built by at least 17 European countries‚ with Sweden and Denmark as host nations. The Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) linac is composed of one section of spoke cavity cryomodules (352.21 MHz) and two sections of elliptical cavity cryomodules (704.42 MHz). These cryomodules contain niobium SRF cavities operating at 2 K. Following a redesign of the accelerator‚ SRF linac design shall comply with a new set of requirements‚ like an increase of the beam current from 50 mA to 62.5 mA and an increase of the peak electrical surface field from 40 MV/m to 45 MV/m. Requirements and the main disciplines needed to construct this portion of the linac are presented.

doi

@inproceedings{DarveC2014:RequirementsESSSuperconductingRadioFrequencyLinac, address = {Dresden, Germany}, title = {Requirements for {ESS} {Superconducting} {Radio} {Frequency} {Linac}}, url = {http://jacow.org/IPAC2014/papers/thpme039.pdf}, doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPME039}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {International} {Particle} {Accelerator} {Conference}}, author = {Darve, Christine and Eshraqi, Mohammad and McGinnis, David and Molloy, Stephen and Tanke, Eugene}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ESS}, }

Miyamoto, R., Eshraqi, M., & Thomsen, H. D. (2014). An ESS Linac Collimation Study. HB2014, USA. http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/HB2014/papers/mopab18.pdf

Citation Key: MiyamotoR2014:ESSLinacCollimationStudy

HB2014

The European Spallation Source is planned in Lund‚ Sweden‚ and will be a neutron source based on a proton linac with an unprecedented 5 MW beam power. Mitigation of beam losses is the most crucial challenge in beam physics for such a high power proton linac and collimation systems are planned in sections of the medium and high energy beam transport (MEBT and HEBT). A preliminary study of the collimation systems was presented in the previous time of this workshop but the linac design went through a significant revise since then. The system to expand the beam for the target‚ located in the HEBT‚ was changed from one based on nonlinear magnets to a raster system and this change particularly had a significant impact on the demand on the collimation systems. This paper presents an updated beam dynamics study of the collimation systems for the present layout of the ESS Linac.

doi

@inproceedings{MiyamotoR2014:ESSLinacCollimationStudy, address = {USA}, title = {An {ESS} {Linac} {Collimation} {Study}}, url = {http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/HB2014/papers/mopab18.pdf}, author = {Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Thomsen, Heine D.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ESS}, }

2013

Laface, E., Eshraqi, M., & Miyamoto, R. (2013). Space Charge and Cavity Modeling for the ESS Linac Simulator. WEPEA040. http://jacow.org/ipac2013/papers/WEPEA040.pdf

Citation Key Alias: LafaceE2013:SpaceChargeCavityModelingESSLinacSimulator

IPAC'13

The proton linac of the European Spallation Source will operate at unprecedented beam power of 5 MW. Such power requires a precise modeling of the beam dynamics in order to protect its components from losses. The high peak current of 62.5 mA produces a space charge force that dominates the dynamics at low energy‚ while the high gradient required to accelerate up to 2 GeV in the 500 m of linac length is challenging for the dynamics in the RF cavities. This paper presents modelings of the space charge force and RF cavities used in the ESS Linac Simulator. The simulator is under development as part of the XAL on-line model‚ and it will be adopted for the ESS linac operations.

doi

@inproceedings{laface2013space, address = {Shanghai, China}, title = {Space {Charge} and {Cavity} {Modeling} for the {ESS} {Linac} {Simulator}}, url = {http://jacow.org/ipac2013/papers/WEPEA040.pdf}, author = {Laface, Emanuele and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, month = jun, year = {2013}, note = {Citation Key Alias: LafaceE2013:SpaceChargeCavityModelingESSLinacSimulator}, keywords = {ESS, cavity, els, linac, openxal, proton, simulation, space-charge}, pages = {WEPEA040}, }

Eshraqi, M. (2013). Beam Physics Design of the Optimus+ SC Linac (Research Report No. ESS/AD/0050). http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/cgi-bin/public/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=309

Citation Key: EshraqiM:BeamPhysicsDesignOptimus+Linac tex.ids: EshraqiM2013:BeamPhysicsDesignOptimus+SCLinac

The ESS linac has experienced several changes in the architecture and the latest modification was performed to meet the ESS cost objectives. This process reduced the final energy of the linac to 2.0 GeV. The third iteration of the 2.0 GeV linac‚ the Optimus‚ has been developed to respect the vacuum and installation requirements as well as the new cryomodule design while keeping the impact on beam physics to a minimum. This report summarizes the design rules applied to this linac.

doi

@techreport{EshraqiM:BeamPhysicsDesignOptimus+Linac, type = {research report}, title = {Beam {Physics} {Design} of the {Optimus}+ {SC} {Linac}}, url = {http://docdb01.esss.lu.se/cgi-bin/public/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=309}, number = {ESS/AD/0050}, author = {Eshraqi, Mamad}, year = {2013}, note = {tex.ids: EshraqiM2013:BeamPhysicsDesignOptimus+SCLinac}, }

Eshraqi, M. (2013). Design Options of the ESS Linac. 3921--3923, THPWO072. http://jacow.org/IPAC2013/papers/thpwo072.pdf

Citation Key: EshraqiM2013:DesignOptionsESSLinac

IPAC'13

The European Spallation Source‚ ESS‚ uses a linear accelerator to deliver the high intensity proton beam to the target station. The nominal average beam power is 5\textasciitildeMW with a peak beam power at target of 125\textasciitildeMW. During last year the ESS linac was costed‚ and to meet the budget a few modifications were introduced to the linac design‚ namely the final energy was decreased from 2.5\textasciitildeGeV to 2.0\textasciitildeGeV and the beam current was increased accordingly to compensate the lower final energy. As a result the linac is designed to meet the cost objective by taking a higher risk. This paper focuses on the new design options‚ beam dynamics requirements of the design and finally on the beam dynamics performance of the linac.

doi

@inproceedings{EshraqiM2013:DesignOptionsESSLinac, address = {Shanghai, China}, title = {Design {Options} of the {ESS} {Linac}}, url = {http://jacow.org/IPAC2013/papers/thpwo072.pdf}, author = {Eshraqi, Mohammad}, year = {2013}, pages = {3921--3923, THPWO072}, }

Eshraqi, M., & Lagniel, J. M. (2013). On the choice of linac parameters for minimal beam losses. TUPWA034. http://jacow.org/IPAC2013/papers/tupwa034.pdf

Citation Key: EshraqiM2013:choicelinacparametersminimalbeamlosses

IPAC'13

In high intensity linear accelerators‚ the tune spreads induced by the space-charge forces in the radial and longitudinal planes are key parameters for halo formation and beam losses. For matched beams they are the parameters governing the number of resonances (including coupling resonances) which affect the beam and determine the respective sizes of the stable and halo areas in phase space. The number and strength of the resonances excited in mismatched beams leading to even higher amplitude halos are also directly linked to the tune spreads. In this paper‚ the equations making the link between the basic linac parameters (rf frequency‚ zero-current phase advances‚ beam intensity and emittances) and the tune spreads are given. A first analysis of the way these linac parameters can be chosen to minimize the tune spreads is presented. The parameters of ESS linac are used for this study.

doi

@inproceedings{EshraqiM2013:choicelinacparametersminimalbeamlosses, address = {Shanghai, China}, title = {On the choice of linac parameters for minimal beam losses}, url = {http://jacow.org/IPAC2013/papers/tupwa034.pdf}, author = {Eshraqi, Mohammad and Lagniel, J. M.}, year = {2013}, pages = {TUPWA034}, }

Darve, C., Eshraqi, M., Lindroos, M., McGinnis, D., Molloy, S., Bosland, P., & Bousson, S. (2013). The ESS superconducting linear accelerator. SRF’13, Paris, France. http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/SRF2013/papers/mop004.pdf

Citation Key: DarveC2013:ESSsuperconductinglinearaccelerator

SRF'13

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is one of Europe’s largest planned research infrastructures. The collaborative project is funded by a collaboration of 17 European countries and is under design and construction in Lund‚ Sweden. The ESS will bring new insights to the grand challenges of science and innovation in fields as diverse as material and life sciences‚ energy‚ environmental technology‚ cultural heritage‚ solid-state and fundamental physics. A 5 MW‚ long pulse proton accelerator is used to reach this goal. The pulsed length is 2.86 ms and the repetition frequency is 14 Hz (4 % duty cycle). The choice of SRF technology is a key element in the development of the ESS linear accelerator (linac). The superconducting linac is composed of one section of spoke cavity cryomodules (352.21 MHz) and two sections of elliptical cavity cryomodules (704.42 MHz). These cryomodules contain niobium SRF cavities operating at 2 K. This paper presents the superconducting linac layout and its requirements.

doi

@inproceedings{DarveC2013:ESSsuperconductinglinearaccelerator, address = {Paris, France}, title = {The {ESS} superconducting linear accelerator}, url = {http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/SRF2013/papers/mop004.pdf}, author = {Darve, C and Eshraqi, M and Lindroos, M and McGinnis, D and Molloy, S and Bosland, P and Bousson, S}, year = {2013}, keywords = {ESS}, }

2012

Posocco, P. A., Lombardi, A., & Eshraqi, M. (ESS L. (2012). SPL Transfer Line. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1441176

Citation Key: PosoccoPA2012:SPLTransferLine

The study of the longitudinal properties of the beam accelerated by SPL at the injection of the following accelerator is very important to optimize its performance. Therefore we connected the latest version of SPL (5 GeV) to the PS2 with a transfer line previously designed by the TE/ABT-BTP Section making it an example of how to transport the SPL beam out of the very densely built Meyrin site to a place where a following accelerator can be realized.

doi

@techreport{PosoccoPA2012:SPLTransferLine, title = {{SPL} {Transfer} {Line}}, url = {https://cds.cern.ch/record/1441176}, urldate = {2016-03-31}, author = {Posocco, P. A. and Lombardi, A. and Eshraqi, M. (ESS Lund)}, month = apr, year = {2012}, }

Danared, H., Eshraqi, M., Laface, E., Miyamoto, R., Molloy, S., & Ponton, A. (2012). Computational Challenges in ESS. SURDI1.

ICAP 2012

ICAP

The European Spallation Source‚ to be built in Lund‚ Sweden‚ will be based on a superconducting proton linac. Top-level linac parameters of 2.5 GeV energy‚ 50 mA pulse current‚ 14 Hz pulse repetition rate and 2.86 ms pulse length result in 5 MW average beam power and 125 MW peak power. General challenges for the accelerator design and construction range from minimizing beam losses to prototyping‚ manufacturing and installing the large quantity of RF power soures. The presentation will give an overview of the ESS project and give specific examples of computational challenges related to the beam dynamics of the linac.

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doi

@inproceedings{danared2012computational, address = {Germany}, title = {Computational {Challenges} in {ESS}}, author = {Danared, Håkan and Eshraqi, Mohammad and Laface, Emanuele and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Molloy, Stephen and Ponton, Aurélien}, month = oct, year = {2012}, keywords = {cavity, cryomodule, linac, rfq, simulation}, pages = {SURDI1}, }

Ponton, A. (2012). Beam Dynamics of the ESS RFQ (No. ESS/AD/0027). https://docdb01.esss.lu.se/cgi-bin/public/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=164

The ESS Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) will accelerate and bunch proton beams from 75 keV at the source exit to 3 MeV before the Drift Tube Linac (DTL) entrance. The beam current is 50 mA (75 mA as an upgrade scenario) for 4 % duty cycle. The present document describes the design strategy and the beam dynamics optimization of the pole tip geometry profile. The proposed RFQ is a 4 vane-type structure running at 352.21 MHz of roughly 5 m in length divided in 5 segments of 1 m each. The peak electric fields on the vane surface has been limited to a Kilpatrick value [14] of 1.8. A transmission of more than 99 % is foreseen for the nominal current and high quality beams will be delivered to the subsequent RF structures of the linear accelerator (linac).

doi

@techreport{ponton2012beam, title = {Beam {Dynamics} of the {ESS} {RFQ}}, url = {https://docdb01.esss.lu.se/cgi-bin/public/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=164}, number = {ESS/AD/0027}, author = {Ponton, Aurélien}, month = jul, year = {2012}, }

Laface, E., Miyamoto, R., Plostinar, C., & Prior, C. R. (2012). ESS End-to-End Simulations: a Comparison Between IMPACT and MADX (V. Suller, Ed.; Vol. 1205201, p. THPPP046). https://inspirehep.net/literature/1126612

IPAC'12

The European Spallation Source will be a 5 MW superconducting proton linac for the production of spallation neutrons. It is composed of an ion source‚ a radio frequency quadrupole‚ a drift tube linac and a superconducting linac as well as the low‚ medium and high‚ energy beam transport sections. At present these components of the linac are in the design phase: the optimization of the accelerator parameters requires an intensive campaign of simulations to test the model of the machine under pos sible operational conditions. In this paper the results of simulations performed with the IMPACT and MADX-PTC codes are presented and a comparison is made between them and independent simulations using TraceWin. The dynamics of the beam envelope and singl e and multi-particle tracking are reported.

doi

@inproceedings{laface2012ess, address = {New Orleans, USA}, title = {{ESS} {End}-to-{End} {Simulations}: a {Comparison} {Between} {IMPACT} and {MADX}}, volume = {1205201}, shorttitle = {{ESS} {End}-to-{End} {Simulations}}, url = {https://inspirehep.net/literature/1126612}, author = {Laface, Emanuele and Miyamoto, Ryoichi and Plostinar, Ciprian and Prior, C. R.}, editor = {Suller, Vic}, year = {2012}, pages = {THPPP046}, }

Miyamoto, R., Danared, H., Eshraqi, M., & Ponton, A. (2012). Numerical Study of a Collimation System to Mitigate Beam Losses in the ESS Linac. IPAC’12, USA.

Citation Key: MiyamotoR2012:NumericalStudyCollimationSystemMitigateBeamLossesESSLinac

IPAC'12

The European Spallation Source (ESS) will be a 5 MW proton linac to produce spallation neutrons. A high power linac has a very low tolerance on beam losses‚ typi- cally on the order of 1 W/m‚ to avoid activation of the linac components; hence‚ emittance and halo of the beam must be well controlled throughout the linac. A system of collimators in beam transport sections has been studied and tested as a means to mitigate the beam losses in several linacs. This paper presents the result of a numerical study of a collimation system for the ESS linac.

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doi

@inproceedings{MiyamotoR2012:NumericalStudyCollimationSystemMitigateBeamLossesESSLinac, address = {USA}, title = {Numerical {Study} of a {Collimation} {System} to {Mitigate} {Beam} {Losses} in the {ESS} {Linac}}, author = {Miyamoto, R. and Danared, H. and Eshraqi, M. and Ponton, A.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {ESS}, }

Eshraqi, M., Danared, H., & Miyamoto, R. (2012). Beam Dynamics of the ESS Superconducting Linac. 278.

Citation Key: EshraqiM2012:BeamDynamicsESSSuperconductingLinac

HB2012

The European Spallation Source‚ ESS‚ uses a linear accelerator to deliver the high intensity proton beam to the target station. The nominal beam power is 5 MW at an energy of 2.5 GeV. The superconducting part covers more than 95% of the energy gain and 90% of the length. The beam dynamics criteria applied to the design of the superconducting part of the linac including the frequency jump at a medium energy of 200 MeV as well as the beam dynamics performance of this structure are described in this paper.

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@inproceedings{EshraqiM2012:BeamDynamicsESSSuperconductingLinac, address = {China}, title = {Beam {Dynamics} of the {ESS} {Superconducting} {Linac}}, author = {Eshraqi, Mohammad and Danared, Håkan and Miyamoto, Ryoichi}, year = {2012}, pages = {278}, }

Eshraqi, M., Møller, S. P., Celona, L., Holm, A. S., Thomsen, H. D., Comunian, M., Danared, H., Bustinduy, I., Stovall, J., & Ponton, A. (2012). End to End Beam Dynamics of the ESS Linac. THPPP085. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1558345

Citation Key: EshraqiM2012:EndEndBeamDynamicsESSLinac

IPAC'12

The European Spallation Source‚ ESS‚ uses a linear accelerator to deliver the high intensity proton beam to the target station. The nominal beam power is 5 MW at an energy of 2.5 GeV. The individual accelerating structures in the linac and the transport lines are brieﬂy described‚ and the beam is tracked from the source throughout the linac to the target. This paper will present a review of the beam dynamics from the source to the target.

doi

@inproceedings{EshraqiM2012:EndEndBeamDynamicsESSLinac, address = {New Orleans, USA}, title = {End to {End} {Beam} {Dynamics} of the {ESS} {Linac}}, url = {https://cds.cern.ch/record/1558345}, urldate = {2016-03-31}, author = {Eshraqi, M. and Møller, S. P. and Celona, L. and Holm, A. S. and Thomsen, H. D. and Comunian, M. and Danared, H. and Bustinduy, I. and Stovall, J. and Ponton, A.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {ESS}, pages = {THPPP085}, }

2011

Lindroos, M., Bousson, S., Calaga, R., Danared, H., Devanz, G., Duperrier, R., Eguia, J., Eshraqi, M., Gammino, S., Hahn, H., Jansson, A., Oyon, C., Pape-Møller, S., Peggs, S., Ponton, A., Rathsman, K., Ruber, R., Satogata, T., & Trahern, G. (2011). The European Spallation Source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 269(24), 3258–3260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.04.012

Citation Key: LindroosM2011:EuropeanSpallationSource

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

In 2003 the joint European effort to design a European Spallation Source (ESS) resulted in a set of reports‚ and in May 2009 Lund was agreed to be the ESS site. The ESS Scandinavia office has since then worked on setting all the necessary legal and organizational matters in place so that the Design Update and construction can be started in January 2011‚ in collaboration with European partners. The Design Update phase is expected to end in 2012‚ to be followed by a construction phase‚ with first neutrons expected in 2018–2019.

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doi

@article{LindroosM2011:EuropeanSpallationSource, title = {The {European} {Spallation} {Source}}, volume = {269}, issn = {0168583X}, doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2011.04.012}, language = {en}, number = {24}, urldate = {2016-03-31}, journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, author = {Lindroos, M. and Bousson, S. and Calaga, R. and Danared, H. and Devanz, G. and Duperrier, R. and Eguia, J. and Eshraqi, M. and Gammino, S. and Hahn, H. and Jansson, A. and Oyon, C. and Pape-Møller, S. and Peggs, S. and Ponton, A. and Rathsman, K. and Ruber, R. and Satogata, T. and Trahern, G.}, month = dec, year = {2011}, pages = {3258--3260}, }

Lindroos, M., Danared, H., Eshraqi, M., McGinnis, D. P., Molloy, S., Peggs, S., Rathsman, K., Duperrier, R. D., & Galambos, J. (2011). Upgrade Strategies for High Power Proton Linacs. IPAC’11, San Sebastien, Spain.

Citation Key: LindroosM2011:UpgradeStrategiesHighPowerProtonLinacs

IPAC'11

High power proton linacs are used as drivers for spallation neutron sources‚ and are proposed as drivers for sub-critical accelerator driven thorium reactors. A linac optimized for a specific average pulse current can be difficult‚ or ineffici ent‚ to operate at higher currents‚ for example due to mis-matching between the RF coupler and the beam loaded cavity‚ and due to Higher Order Mode effects. Hardware is in general designed to meet specific engineering values‚ such as pulse length and repe tition rate‚ that can be costly and difficult to change‚ for example due to pre-existing space constraints. We review the different upgrade strategies that are available to proton driver designers‚ both for linacs under design‚ such as the European Spalla tion Source (ESS) in Lund‚ and also for existing linacs‚ such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oak Ridge. Potential ESS upgrades towards a beam power higher than 5 MW preserve the original time structure‚ while the SNS upgrade is directed towards the addition of a second target station.

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doi

@inproceedings{LindroosM2011:UpgradeStrategiesHighPowerProtonLinacs, address = {San Sebastien, Spain}, title = {Upgrade {Strategies} for {High} {Power} {Proton} {Linacs}}, author = {Lindroos, M. and Danared, H. and Eshraqi, M. and McGinnis, D. P. and Molloy, S. and Peggs, S. and Rathsman, K. and Duperrier, R. D. and Galambos, J.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {ESS}, }

2010

Peggs, S., Papotti, G., Calaga, R., Duperrier, R., Plewinski, F., Eshraqi, M., Lindroos, M., Stovall, J., & Jansson, A. (2010). Conceptual design of the ESS-SCANDINAVIA. TU6PFP083. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1370096

PAC'09

The conceptual design of the European Spallation Source-Scandinavia (ESS-S) is presented. The accelerator system baseline draws heavily on state-of-the-art mature technologies that are being employed in the CERN Linac4 and SPL projects‚ although advances with spoke resonator and sputtered superconducting cavities are also being evaluated for reliable performance. Irradiation damage due to proton beam losses is a key issue for linac and target components. Their optimized design is performed from an engineering perspective‚ using the last updated versions of mechanical design codes which were already qualified for irradiated components. Finally‚ future upgrades of power and intensity of the proton linac are considered‚ including the design optimization of the Target Station (proton/neutron convertor)‚ with the possibility of increasing the average pulsed power deposition up to 7.5 MW. All possible upgrades will be taken into account for the final design review‚ in the frame of the costs and constraints given with the site decision.

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